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eradication, and conttrol.: .. - - ~ - <br />~Pre~entton~ are those procedures uuhzed to keep a weed problem from <br />occurring in a previously un-infested azea. These procedures may include: <br />sowing crop or other desirable plant seed that is free of weed seeds; not allowing <br />weeds to reproduce; not burying weed seed in an un-infested area; cleanins weed <br />seed or vegetative plant parts from machinery before moving; not bringins weed <br />seed infested soil (or,soil infested with vegetative weed parts), beddine, hay, <br />straw, or manure" into clean, areas; controlling ,new, small infestations or <br />infestations along road or field borders to reduce potential for spread. <br />__..... <br />Eradication is the complete removal of weeds from an area, not to be <br />seen there again unless reintroduced. Eradication generally involves hazsh <br />procedures and seldom, if ever, should be the goal of good weed management. <br />Control is the management technique, that,.:is usually.,practiced and <br />involves reducing the weed population in'an azea sucTi tfiat intended:larid use can <br />be achieved. ~ . - - <br />~: :1...w ... ... <br />B. PIi TEGRATED CONTROL METHODS <br />A key aspect. to weed management ts.to integrate control methods into a <br />management system.. Cultural controls include. methodsao favor desirable plant <br />` growth such; :as proper graung management fertility` and. irrigation maintenance; <br />_.: <br />and seeding v1¢orouslp growtitg, compehnve desirableJplant species. Ivfechanical <br />' _ control physically disrupts- weed growth. and includes such methods as tillage, <br />tiioviing,.muIching, burning,- and flooding. -Chemical control is the use of <br />herbicides. Bloloeicai control is the use of. an~organism to disrupt weed growth. <br />Classical biological controls, such as insects or disease organisms, are natural <br />' eneitues of ~ceeds. Biological control also may.include.use of sheep, cattle, coats, <br />or other. large herbivores to control weeds. <br />A weed management plan should incorporate atleasttwo or more control <br />measures into a management system. For example, if a pasture is infested with <br />leafy spurge, sheep or goats can be used to graze the weed eazly in the growing <br />season thereby releasing grasses from intense weed competition (biological <br />control). Grass growth could be further stimulated with fertilization and possibly <br />irrigation providing better competition with leafy spurge (cultural control). These <br />two control measures would allow effective use of the pasture by other livestock <br />such as -cattle, which normally will not graze leafy spurge. In the fall, the <br />infestation could be sprayed, for example, with picloram (Tordon 22K) plus 2,4 <br />D to control leafy spurge (chetriical control). This scenario integrates three <br />control measures (biological, cultural, and chemical) into a weed management <br />system.' This program may have~to be repeated most growing seasons if leafy <br />spurge is the weed problem, but the manager would be able to utilize that land <br />and realize a return on his weed management investment. <br />is <br />