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Table 1. Herbicide options for controlling Russian knapweed. All label directions and precautions must be followed. Do not use herbicides that will damage desirable species. Herbicide Rate Notes Reference • 1 pint to 1 Apply in the fall following the first heavy frost. Follow quarU acre if application with cultivation to bury & decompost allelo- Picloram, e.g., broadcast- pathic leaves, and seeding w/ picloram-tolerant plant Tordon® sprayed species (e.g., grasses). Application for 2 consecutive 1-4 • 2 quarts/acre if Years may be necessary. Picloram is a restricted-use spot-sprayed herbicide. Will kill or severely injure most other broad- leaf s ecies via soil or folia e. Picloram + 1-1.5 pints Tor- Apply Tordon at any time during active growth. Ap- 2,4-D 2 4 D/aoreart Plication for 2 consecutive years may be necessary. 1 Metsulfuron, 0.75-1 oz./acre Apply with non-ionic surfactant. 1 e. ., Escort Metsulfuron + 1 oz. Escort+ 1- Apply with non-ionic surfactant. Optimum application 2 4-D 2 pints 2,4- is when R. knapweed is in bud to early bloom or in 2 , D/acre fall followin frost. Clopyralid Mid-October application (specific to N. Dakota) or late ° , e.g., Stinger, 8 oz./acre bolting to early bud stage . Annual application may 2,4 Transline be necessary for several years. Will injure legumes e.., clover . Clopyralid + 2-4 quarts/acre Apply when weeds are young and actively growing, or 2,4-D, e.g., (0.38 pounds after the growing season. Competitive desirable 2 3 Curtail clopyralid plus 2 species should not be planted for one month following ounds 2,4-D a lication. 4 pints/acre (0.38 Redeem pound clopyralid plus 1.1 pounds Mid-October application (specific to N. Dakota) 2 triclo r Imazapic® 12 oz./acre Effective for the treatment of mature Russian knap- 3 weed. 2-4 Ib acid Apply when plants are in early bud stage. Annual Dicamba . equivalenUacre application may be necessary for several years. Will 4 kill all other broadleaf lants. ' Beck, 2003 z Lym, 2004 a Graham and Johnson, 2004 °CDFA 3.4 BIOLOGICAL CONTROL The gall nematode (Subanguina picridis), destructive in its larval and adult stages, forms galls on the stems, leaves and root crowns Russian knapweed. Although the nematode has not been known to kill Russian knapweed, it does reduce the vigor of the weed. This is the first nema- lode species to be released in North America for biological weed control. It has not been found to readily spread long distances without assistance. There are currently no insects approved for introduction into the United States for control of Russian knapweed. 6