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158 Appendix 4: Profiles of Colorado State-Listed Noxious Weeds <br />Oxeye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) <br />to initiate flowering (Rutledge and McLendon, 1998). Flowering occurs from June through August. The plant grows <br />vigorously in poorer soils, possibly because it is a poor competitor with established plants on better soils (Olson and <br />Wallander 1999). Oxeye daisy may require reduced competition from neighboring plants or disturbance to establish <br />(Olson and Wallander 1999). <br />Mode of reproduction: Oxeye daisy reproduces by seeds and short rootstocks. <br />Seed production: Atypical plant produces over 500 seeds. <br />Seed bank: Seeds can remain viable in the soil for at least 2-3 yeazs and sometimes far longer (Rutledge and <br />McLendon, 1998). <br />Dispersal: No information available. <br />Hybridization: No information available. <br />Control <br />Biocontrol: None known. <br />Mechanical: Hand pulling or digging before seed head production <br />can used to effectively control small infestations. However, for <br />this method to be successful it is important to remove as much of <br />the underground part as possible. <br />Fire: No information available. <br />Herbicides: Larger infestations of oxeye daisy are commonly <br />controlled with herbicides. Picloram 0,25 lb., dicamba, or 2,4-D at <br />1 Ib. ai/acre, or glyphosate at 1.5 16. ai/acre will control oxeye <br />daisy. Other herbicides that have proven effective include <br />imazapyr, and sulfomemron methyl (Rutledge and McLendon, <br />1998). No biological control agents exist for oxeye daisy. <br />Cultural/Preventive: Prevent the establishment of new infestations by minimizing disturbance and seed dispersal, <br />eliminating seed production and maintaining healthy native communities. <br />Integrated Manaeement Summary <br />Oxeye daisy has the potential to invade disturbed areas, form small colonies, and modify existing communities. <br />Integrated treatments potentially include nitrogen fertilization and sheep or goat grazing; and nitrogen fertilization <br />and picloram application. Nitrogen fertilizer stimulates other vegetation, especially grasses, that likely out-compete <br />daisy plants for nitrogen, grow taller and shade out the daisy. Sheep or goat grazing is designed to selectively <br />impacts the daisy without adversely affecting the desirable species. Picloram can effectively control daisy plants but <br />it can damage desirable (orbs, as well. <br />References <br />Olson, B.E. and R.T. Wallander. 1999. Oxeye daisy. In R.L. Sheley and J.K. Petroff, eds. Biology artd <br />Management of Noxious Rangelmid Weeds. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, OR <br />Rutledge, C. R. and T. McLendon. No Year. An Assessment of Exotic Plant Species of Rocky Mountain National <br />Park. Department of Rangeland Ecosystem Science, Colorado State University. 97pp. Northern Prairie <br />Wildlife Research Center Home Page. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/Explandexplant.htm <br />[Version 15 Dec 98]. <br />Whitson, T.D,(ed.), L.C. Bumll, S.A. Dewey, D.W. Cudney, B.E. Nelson, R.D. Lee, R. Pazker. 1996. Oxeye <br />daisy. Weeds of the West. Western Society of Weed Science, in cooperation with the Western United <br />States Land Grant Universities Cooperative Extension Services, Newark, CA. <br />