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2.1.1 Review of Blasting Vibration Phenomena: <br />When r~xplosive chmu;a;'es tle~onaU~ iii rnei:, nearly ull of ehe available energy is usr;d in breaking and <br />displacing the +'o<:knt:kss. 1-kiwever, a small portion u(the ~~ncr,~ry is rclceused in Ehe Ib~~n of vibration <br />w:rvcs, which radiate away froiu blast charges. When these elastic strain-waves pass through rock <br />or girth, they cause an oscillating motion in the ground particles. <br />Abbreviations: <br />SFl =Shear wave, horizontal <br />SV = Shc:u' wave, vertical <br />Il = Kaylcigh wave <br />P =Compressional wave <br />.!~ ~ P. r. <br />Wave Except r ~~ ~ - /f <br />J .. P <br />SH , <br />f : ti.` . <br />Poin[ Of Sho(~ ' ~g <br />i' '" <br />F~i~ur~ ' i -tlit~rusiun Waves <br />tiei5llllt" waVc'ti ll~'a"eV vyiih (1151;tn~ 5' dK ih~'Y ~9'2V~~~'1 91n:nl.~h ~h+• tinrw s(n I(hll,ti ;I ri a. I~~NTr' YbaA4's ltav~' <br />elilli~rrnt li~tnix, ~;n~~h ,1s bodv <md ;;end.'~rr waves. 9'lu•ir ~i~arar€r;istirs will vzErb sorn~~bvhai wish <br /><~h~-ut,~es in Irnal ~~~vd+~,~y Vn,~t +h~~ r,ii+~ .tt t~,hirh ih~~y ~lic ,nit is rrasonalafy ,onsisu~nt, and adlnws <br />M'~'~~nlatory .1 ti~'t t~'p'S i~t ~i ntirl ll Malt lll)_', ~~1H'railuil~ {R' gl~'llfl:: eel PPIaIIINfNllipl I1CIb1•'°'n ~h:ft:m1Y' .,nNl <br />rhr rxpkrsiw~ a~htn;~~~ ~luaoiitirs. I'.:x~ h kint~~ tl?+° clistam+~ is alonhk~d, dh~• ~iihratioo inu~nsity dr ,ps 10 <br />:d>nul 1/'i ol~ its ti~,n~er vahir. I'Fir ,~otp.~i,irnrv ni~ r,rnuoul ~nulia~n .iUenn>dion is snpl~~~rlyd by <br />ar.carrh ilunr hp ti.S, iiureau of iA~lincs [~irhols ~~~ .-il., 1!?7!1). 9'h. i<•.~ ao~h<~rs li~und that nndrr' <br />widely ~alyinti ~ onclitions, it' a srakil dixtanre nl `-iU~flilb"'~ is used io limit ehar~r• we~~hue, i( is <br />highly unlikely that. grewnd anoth~n woulel i;ause eat damage. 1'.>r the purposes of m•uuod vibration <br />assessments, scalyd distxnce• {SIB) is distanrr tram the blast divided <br />