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ASME B31.3-2016 <br /> qualification requirements. See also paras. 301.4.4 301.5 Dynamic Effects <br /> and 323.2.2. See Appendix F, para. F301.5. <br /> 301.3.2 Uninsulated Components 301.5.1 Impact. Impact forces caused by external <br /> (a) For fluid temperatures below 65°C (1500F), the or internal conditions (including changes in flow rate, <br /> component temperature shall be taken as the fluid tem- hydraulic shock,liquid or solid slugging, flashing,and <br /> perature unless solar radiation or other effects result in geysering) shall be taken into account in the design of <br /> a higher temperature. <br /> (b) For fluid temperatures 650C (150°F) and above, piping. <br /> unless a lower average wall temperature is determined 301.5.2 Wind. The effect of wind loading shall be <br /> by test or heat transfer calculation,the temperature for taken into account in the design of exposed piping.The <br /> uninsulated components shall be no less than the follow- analysis considerations and loads may be as described <br /> ing values: in ASCE 7.Authoritative local meteorological data may <br /> (1) valves,pipe,lapped ends,welding fittings,and also be used to define or refine the design wind loads. <br /> other components having wall thickness comparable to 301.5.3 Earthquake. The effect of earthquake load- <br /> that of the pipe— 95% of the fluid temperature ing shall be taken into account in the design of piping. <br /> (2) flanges (except lap joint)including those on fit- The analysis considerations and loads may be as <br /> tings and valves — 90% of the fluid temperature described in ASCE 7. Authoritative local seismological <br /> (3) lap joint flanges—85%of the fluid temperature data may also be used to define or refine the design <br /> (4) bolting —80% of the fluid temperature earthquake loads. <br /> 301.3.3 Externally Insulated Piping. Thecomponent 301.5.4 Vibration. Piping shall be designed, <br /> design temperature shall be the fluid temperature unless arranged, and supported so as to eliminate excessive <br /> calculations, tests, or service experience based on mea- and harmful effects of vibration that may arise from <br /> surements support the use of another temperature. such sources as impact, pressure pulsation, turbulent <br /> Where piping is heated or cooled by tracing or jacketing, flow vortices,resonance in compressors, and wind. <br /> this effect shall be considered in establishing component <br /> design temperatures. 301.5.5 Discharge Reactions. Piping shall be <br /> designed, arranged, and supported so as to withstand <br /> 301.3.4 Internally Insulated Piping. The component reaction forces due to let-down or discharge of fluids. <br /> design temperature shall be based on heat transfer calcu- <br /> lations or tests. 301.6 Weight Effects <br /> 301.4 Ambient Effects The following weight effects, combined with loads <br /> See Appendix F,para. F301.4. and forces from other causes,shall be taken into account <br /> in the design of piping. <br /> 301.4.1 Cooling— Effects on Pressure. The cooling <br /> of a gas or vapor in a piping system may reduce the 301.6.1 Live Loads. These loads include the weight <br /> of the medium transported or the medium used for <br /> pressure sufficiently to create an internal vacuum. In <br /> test.Snow and ice loads due to both environmental and <br /> such a case,the piping shall be capable of withstanding <br /> the external pressure at the lower temperature,or provi- <br /> sion shall be made to break the vacuum. 301.6.2 Dead Loads. These loads consist of the <br /> 301.4.2 Fluid Expansion Effects. Provision shall be weight of piping components, insulation, and other <br /> made in the design either to withstand or to relieve superimposed permanent loads supported by the <br /> increased pressure caused by the heating of static fluid piping. <br /> in a piping component. See also para. 322.6.3(b)(2). <br /> 301.7 Thermal Expansion and Contraction Effects <br /> 301.4.3 Atmospheric Icing. Where the design mini- The following thermal effects, combined with loads <br /> mum temperature of a piping system is below 0°C and forces from other causes,shall be taken into account <br /> (320F), the possibility of moisture condensation and in the design of piping. See also Appendix F, <br /> buildup of ice shall be considered and provisions made para. F301.7. <br /> in the design to avoid resultant malfunctions. This <br /> applies to surfaces of moving parts of shutoff valves, 301.7.1 Thermal Loads Due to Restraints. These <br /> control valves, pressure-relief devices including dis- loads consist of thrusts and moments that arise when <br /> charge piping, and other components. free thermal expansion and contraction of the piping <br /> 301.4.4 Low Ambient Temperature. Consideration are prevented by restraints or anchors. <br /> shall be given to low ambient temperature conditions 301.7.2 Loads Due to Temperature Gradients. These <br /> for displacement stress analysis. loads arise from stresses in pipe walls resulting from <br />