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A WEED REPORT fi-om the book Weed Control in Natural Areas in the Western United States Saltcedar and tamarisk <br /> efficacy,burning should be conducted during the hottest part of summer,when plants experience the <br /> greatest water stress. <br /> If floods occur during the period of poplar/cottonwood(Populus spp.)or willow(Solix spp.)seeding(which <br /> precedes saitcedar seeding),then natural revegetation will consist of almost pare stands of those,with very <br /> little saitcedar.Young seedlings of saitcedar can be controlled by flooding for 1 month. <br /> Biological The release of the saltcellar leaf beetle(Diorhabda corinulata)from China has made significant impacts on <br /> many populations of saitcedar.This insect feeds on the leaves of saitcedar and slowly reduces plant vigor. <br /> Tamarisk does not usually die from a single defoliation from tamarisk beetles,and it can resprout within <br /> several weeks of defoliation.Repeated defoliation of individual tamarisk trees can lead to severe dieback <br /> the next season and death of the tree within several years.Data indicate that 4 years of defoliation can <br /> result in about 60%mortality.Biological control will not eradicate tamarisk but it has the potential to <br /> suppress tamarisk populations by 75 to 85%. <br /> Since its release,the beetle has defoliated tens of thousands of acres of tamarisk in Nevada,Utah.,Colorado <br /> and Wyoming.The insect spreads rapidly but is poorly adapted to more southern regions of the U.S.This <br /> led to further exploration to find better adapted biotypes or species of Diorhabda.In this process,five <br /> sibling species were found to comprise a new Diorhabda species group.Each species has unique <br /> biogeographical traits suiting them to different regions invaded by tamarisk in North America.Four species <br /> were previously tested and verified as specific feeders of tamarisk,and released in North America under <br /> the name D.elongata.D.arrinulato from China and Kazakhstan(old name D.e.deserticolo),is successfully <br /> suppressing tamarisk over large areas of the Great Basin desert.The trite D.elongata is establishing well in <br /> California and parts of west Texas and is best suited for Mediterranean habitats.©.sublineota has potential <br /> for the Sonoran and southeastern Chihuahuan deserts.D.corinata should be best suited for the Great <br /> Plains grasslands and the Mojave and northern Chihuahuan deserts.A fifth species,D.meridionalis,may be <br /> suited to subtropical maritime deserts but has yet to be safety tested. <br /> One controversial aspect of the release of the tamarisk beetle is that defoliation can locally reduce nesting <br /> habitat for riparian woodland birds until native woodland flora recover.This has primarily centered on the <br /> federally endangered southwestern willow flycatcher,Empidonax traillii ssp.extimus.The beetles have <br /> defoliated some tamarisk nest trees of the southwestern willow flycatcher on the Virgin River in southern <br /> Utah,and actions to protect the flycatcher are under consideration.In some areas,tamarisk may be <br /> replaced by grasslands or shrublands,resulting in losses of riparian forest habitat for birds. <br /> CHEMICAL CONTROL <br /> The following specific use information is based on publications and reports by researchers and land managers. <br /> These are the products that provide effective control.Those that do not provide sufficient control have been <br /> omitted from the table.Other trade names may be available,and other compounds also are labeled for this <br /> weed.Directions for use may vary between brands;see label before use.Herbicides are listed by mode of <br /> action and then alphabetically.The order of herbicide listing is not reflective of the order of efficacy or <br /> preference.The best publication for the management of saitcedar species is published through Colorado State <br /> University,entitled Tamarisk:Best Management Practices in Colorado Watersheds. <br /> GROWTH REGULATORS <br /> Triciopyr Rate:Cut stump treatment:50%to undiluted Garton 3A(in water)or 25 to 100%Garton 4 Ultra(in oil). <br /> Garton 3A,Garton Basal bark treatment:20 to 30%Garton 4 Ultra in oil on young trees without well-developed bark. <br /> 4 Ultra,Pathfinder Timing:While many sources indicate that applications can be applied year round,it is best to apply in <br /> ll summer or fail when plants are still growing and not water stressed.At this time,the greatest amount of <br /> herbicide will translocate to the below-ground tissues. <br /> Remarks:Cut stump treatments can be very effective.Cut stems horizontally at or near ground level,and <br /> immediately apply herbicide solution to cover the outer 20%of the stump face.Can be mixed with a <br /> color dye to determine which trees have been treated,Basal bark treatments should be made to smaller <br /> trees with thin bark.Spray the lower trunk,including the root collar,to a height of 12 to 15 inches from <br /> the ground;the spray should thoroughly wet the lower stem but not to the point of runoff.For smaller <br /> trees 3 to 4 ft tall,a foliar treatment of 7 oz aminopyralid(Milestone)+3 qt Garton 4 UltraJacre with <br /> 0.25%non-ionic surfactant or 1 qt/acre seed oil surfactant gives good control.Follow-up treatment of <br /> resprouts with this mixture will be necessary_This mixture is selective and will not injure desirable <br /> grasses. <br /> 3 of 2013 <br />