2018-12-12_REVISION - M2018016 (7)

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' good indicator of inhalation and exposure ... Because of greater physical activity, g P g P Y ' higher metabolic rates, and hand to mouth actions,young children will be more exposed than adults via both inhalation and ingestion."49 The doctors assert that Utah's regulation of gravel pits is grossly inadequate. ' Research findings on the impact of dust particulates on populations are extensive. Of particular interest to us,William A. Calo et al. compared the prevalence of general ' respiratory symptoms and heart disease in two communities in Puerto Rico, one exposed to particulate matter from quarries and diesel exhaust and another without such exposure.50 The prevalence of nasal allergies (16.8%), bronchitis (7.1%), and sinusitis (12.3%) observed in the study were significantly higher among the residents of the ' community exposed to mining than prevalence reported for Puerto Rico (nasal allergies = 5.0%, bronchitis = 4.2%, and sinusitis = 7.7%). The prevalence of respiratory conditions among residents of the community not exposed to gravel ' mining was similar or lower than the overall prevalence in Puerto Rico. These findings are consistent with epidemiological studies that reported a higher likelihood of respiratory diseases as a result of exposure of particulates in ' communities near quarries.51 A host of studies connect air pollution to respiratory illness and school absenteeism. ' For example, Ransom and Pope reported that particulate pollution has a strong impact on school absences.52 Other studies concluded that carbon monoxide has a stronger impact on absenteeism than particulate pollution.53 Zweig and Ham went beyond absenteeism using data from a longitudinal health study for southern California and estimated that a 10 percent decrease in outdoor PMio, PM2.5, or NO2 54 49 http://uphe.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Gravel-Pit-Flyer.pdf ' 50 William A. Calo et al. 2014. "Clinical Conditions Associated with Environmental Exposures: an Epidemiologic Study in Two Communities in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico",P R Health Sci J. 2009 June; 28(2): 126-134. ' https://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3885176/ 51 For example see: http://www.oxfordcounty.ca/Portals/15/Documents/Public%20Health/Beachville/Literat ' ure%20Review%20-%200CPH%2OAug%2028%20227.pdf 52 Ransom, Michael R and C.Arden Pope II1, 2013. "Air Pollution and School Absenteeism: Results from a Natural Experiment" Department of Economics, Brigham Young University, ' Provo, Utah. http_//conference.iza.org/conference files/environment2013/ransom m1284.pdf 53 Currie,Janet, et al., 2007 "Does Pollution Increase School Absences?" NBER Working ' Paper 13252 https://www.nber.org/papers/w13252 54 PMlo is less of an immediate health concern than PM2.5 given that it does not penetrate the very lowest part of the lungs. However, it is still small enough to enter the lungs and cause ' irritation of your eyes, nose, and throat. NO2 primarily gets in the air from the burning of fuel. 19