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RULE 2 PERMITS <br />daily basis during the Spring, Summer, and Fall periods). Similarly, 15 -20 pronghorn utilize the <br />reclamation on a daily basis during the Spring and early Summer periods. <br />Following the winter, it has been observed in early spring that forage utilization on the reclamation <br />often ranges between 70 and 90 percent, especially near water sources. In fact, utilization is often so <br />elevated that both elk and mule deer turn to the few unfenced shrubs that have been established about <br />the reclaimed area and cause extensive hedging damage. Over the years it has been observed that <br />such hedging eventually leads to the death of most of these over - utilized shrubs. <br />Because of the dependence on these areas, and the shrub populations, efforts by Colowyo (as <br />indicated in the previous portions of Section 2.05) have continued to improve reclamation <br />techniques. As discussed in this revision, new and significant strides are being taken to re- establish <br />sagebrush steppe communities as well as grassland areas. Many of these new measures will benefit <br />not only the large game animal segment of the wildlife community, but also other components such <br />as sage grouse and sharp - tailed grouse populations that are dependent on sagebrush and other woody <br />species for forage and cover. <br />Impacts of Mining Operations on Wildlife Resources Within the Mine Plan Area <br />Several short term negative impacts to wildlife are to be expected in the permit area. Removal of <br />vegetation communities and habitats will be the most direct impact, resulting in a reduction of forage <br />and cover. Non - mobile species will be destroyed in localized areas as vegetation and topsoil are <br />removed. Mobile species will be temporarily displaced until mined areas are reclaimed. As the mine <br />progresses, some changes in topography will occur through the removing of vegetation, rock <br />outcroppings, draws, etc. which form natural shelters. <br />Disturbance of soils will affect soil profiles, micro - climate, and other soil properties. <br />The backfilling and grading as required in Section 4.14.2 will assure that topographic features and <br />drainage patterns will be returned to approximate original contour. <br />Wildlife species inhabiting the permit area that have the most potential for being affected include <br />deer, elk, sage grouse, and raptors. However, experience to date has shown that all of these species <br />have adapted to the presence of the Colowyo operation, resulting in minimal direct impact. Most of <br />the mitigation measures, protection measures, and habitat improvement techniques are directed <br />toward this wildlife group. <br />Range and Wildlife Management Programs <br />Data collected during pre -mine studies during 1974 - 1976 indicated overuse by cattle, deer, and elk. <br />A majority of the browse species (serviceberry, oak, snowberry, bitterbrush, sage, chokecherry) <br />showed overutilization to varying degrees. (It has been evident both past and present that many of <br />the shrubs are in a decadent condition.) <br />The results of past poor range management practices and heavy browse use have been a reduction in <br />growth with less available forage. In addition, species such as oak and serviceberry have grown <br />taller, with palatable growth being limited to a height which can be reached only by the largest <br />animals. <br />Rule 2 Permits 2.05 -42 Revision Date: 10/23/12 <br />Revision No.: RN -06 <br />