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Cultural Resource Historic Properties Treatment Plan for BK -1-072617 Colowyo Coal Company <br />resulting testing information will be reported to Colowyo, OSMRE, and OAHP in a technical <br />memorandum as outlined in Section 3.5.1. <br />3.2 Research Design <br />Tetra Tech developed the following research design based on the cultural material discovered at <br />the site; the Collom Expansion baseline work completed in 2005; archaeological experience <br />working in the region; previously reported data pertaining to cultural resources in northwestern <br />Colorado; and standard archaeological theory and method. Research questions presented here <br />are designed to overlap and support one another. Information contributing to one question will <br />help support another and yield a more comprehensive overall analysis of the study area. <br />3.2.1 Cultural Chronology <br />Prehistoric archaeological research requires a strong baseline cultural chronology. Without quality <br />data regarding the potential age and duration of cultural signatures, higher level research <br />questions cannot be pursued. Chronologies have been developed specifically for western <br />Colorado (Black 1991, Reed and Metcalf 1999, Stiger 2001). The chronologies are based on <br />regionally specific research and cultural resource management directed investigations. Reed and <br />Metcalf (1999:6) constructed their prehistoric context for the northern Colorado River Basin <br />around a chronology divided into various sequential eras, traditions, phases, and periods (Table <br />1). <br />Table 1. Northern Colorado River Basin Cultural Chronology (Reed and Metcalf <br />1999) <br />Era <br />Tradition/Period/Phase <br />Data Range <br />Paleoindian Era <br />11,500-6400 B.C. <br />Clovis tradition <br />11,500-10,500 B.C. <br />Goshen tradition <br />11,000-10,700 B. C. <br />Folsom tradition <br />10,800-9500 B.c <br />Foothill -Mountain tradition <br />9500-6400 B.C. <br />Archaic Era <br />6400-400 B.C. <br />Pioneer period <br />6400-4500 B.C. <br />Settlement period <br />4500-2500 B.C. <br />Transitional period <br />2500 — 1000 B.C. <br />Terminal period <br />1000-400 B.C. <br />Formative Era <br />400 B.C. —A.D. 1300 <br />Anasazi tradition <br />A.D. 900 - 1100 <br />Fremont tradition <br />A.D. 200 — 1500 <br />Gateway tradition <br />400 B.C. —A.D. 1300 <br />Aspen tradition <br />A.D. 1-1300 <br />Protohistoric Era <br />A.D. 1300-1881 <br />Canalla phase <br />A.D. 1100-1650 <br />Antera phase <br />A.D. 1650-1881 <br />