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3) allowing livestock to graze weed-infested areas only Initially,large-scale weed control should focus on range <br /> when weeds are not flowering or producing seeds,or sites with an understory of residual grasses and the highest <br /> moving livestock to a holding area for about 14 days potential productivity.Suppressed grasses have the greatest <br /> after grazing a weed-infested area and before moving chance of re-establishing dominance on these sites.These <br /> them to weed-free areas, areas must be spot treated each year to ensure control and <br /> 4) requesting that campers,hikers and sportsmen minimize re-invasion.In most cases,some percentage of <br /> brush and clean themselves and equipment after the management unit will require control measures that <br /> participating in activities in weed-infested areas, are repeatedly applied until the weed seed bank and root <br /> 5) minimizing unnecessary soil disturbance by vehicles, reserves are exhausted. <br /> machinery,water flow and livestock, Next,control efforts should focus on the sites <br /> 6) managing desirable vegetation to be vigorous and adjacent to those initially treated to minimize re- <br /> introduction of the weeds. Usually,large-scale control <br /> competitive with weeds. is most effectively applied from the outside of the weed <br /> Detecting and Eradicating New management unit inward toward its center. <br /> Introductions Selection and application of weed control techniques <br /> Early detection and systematic eradication of weed <br /> in large-scale control programs depends on the specific <br /> circumstances for each portion of the management unit. <br /> introductions are central to integrated weed management. Control techniques used in one area of the management <br /> Weeds encroach by establishing small satellite infestations,which are usually the spreading front of the large unit may be inappropriate for another area. Selection of a <br /> proper control program will depend on: <br /> infestation.Eradication involves using appropriate 1)weed species, <br /> techniques to totally remove the weed from the area. <br /> It is usually achievable on a small scale.An eradication 2)effectiveness of the control technique, <br /> program includes delimiting the boundaries of the 3)availability of control agents or grazing animals, <br /> infestation(on the ground and on maps),determining the <br /> proper control procedures and the number and timing of 4) use of the land, <br /> follow-up applications.This generally requires aggressive 5)length of time required for control, <br /> annual applications of herbicides. Revegetation of infested 6) environmental considerations and <br /> areas may be required to eradicate weeds in areas without <br /> an understory of desirable species which can re-occupy �) relative cost of the control techniques. <br /> the site after weeds are controlled.Eradication of small Researchers are in the process of determining if <br /> patches requires continual monitoring and evaluation to combining treatments will provide a synergistic response in <br /> ensure successful and permanent removal of the weed. controlling weeds.Some preliminary evidence suggests most <br /> control techniques are compatible.Experimenting with <br /> Containing Large-scale Infestations combinations of control techniques may provide better and <br /> Containment programs restrict the encroachment of longer term control than any singly applied treatment.For <br /> large-scale weed infestations.Studies have shown that example,in areas with adequate precipitation,combining <br /> containing weed infestations which are too large to Tordon 22K with fertilizer can increase the longevity of <br /> eradicate is cost effective because it preserves neighboring spotted knapweed control and triple forage production over <br /> uninfested rangeland and enhances the success of future either treatment applied alone. <br /> large-scale control programs.Containing a large-scale <br /> infestation requires using preventative techniques and Revegetation <br /> spraying herbicides on the border of weed infestations to Revegetation with desirable plants may be the best long- <br /> stop the advancing front of weed encroachment. term alternative for controlling weeds on sites without an <br /> understory of desirable species.Establishing competitive <br /> Large-scale Weed Control grasses can minimize the re-invasion of rangeland <br /> Most successful large-scale weed control programs weeds and provide excellent forage production.On <br /> are completed in a series of steps.Weed control areas appropriate sites,a fall herbicide application after weeds <br /> should be divided into smaller units to make them more have emerged,followed by plowing or disking,and drill <br /> manageable.Weed control should be carried out unit by seeding is most effective for establishing desirable species. <br /> unit at a rate compatible with economic objectives. <br /> 2 <br />