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associated emergency spillways and topsoil stockpiles. Table 3.6-10 provides a preferred species mix <br />• for these temporary disturbances. <br />Seeding methods, densities, and shrub transplant methods are discussed in other portions of Section <br />3.6.3.4, 4.4.1.2, and 4.6.2.1 respectively. In addition to shrub seedling transplants, mature shrubs from <br />on-site may be transplanted. Placement of shrubs will assist in controlling drainage erosion as well as <br />provide wildlife cover. See Sections 3.6.3.6 and 4.6.2.1 for details. <br />Volunteer Plant Species <br />In the topsoil salvage and replacement process, dormant seed and rootstock of native species are trans- <br />ported. Unfortunately, very little literature is available to document the impact of such processes on <br />vegetation re-establishment. <br />A study was conducted by Howard et al. (1979) at Kemmerer, Wyoming, and Oak Creek, Colorado, to <br />assess the value of fresh -stripped topsoil as a source of native plant materials in the revegetation of <br />mined lands. This study found that certain rhizomatous species and other non-rhizomatous species will <br />become established from freshly removed and replaced topsoil. At the Oak Creek site the volunteer <br />plant species established from fresh topsoil and known to occur at Trapper Mine are basin wildrye, <br />• Elvmus cinereus; plains bluegrass, Poa arida; common yarrow, Achillea millefolium: and big sagebrush, <br />Artemisia tridentata. The densities of volunteer species were quite low and appear to have no significant <br />impact on revegetation. However, the data were collected during a drought cycle and may not be <br />representative of re-establishment potential of native plants given normal moisture during a typical year. <br />The majority of seeds that will germinate from fresh topsoil will be weedy annuals and perennials typical <br />of the first stages of succession (Hodder, 1976). Because of this, one must compare the benefit derived <br />from fresh topsoiling of providing native species against the probable flush of weedy species. This situ- <br />ation is significant to deciding whether or not to use herbicides since an herbicide that will control weedy <br />annuals or undesirable perennials is also likely to kill desirable perennials. <br />a//y/q7 <br />3-145 <br />