2016-02-19_PERMIT FILE - M2016010 ‎(5)‎

• Permit No: M2016010
• IBM Index Class Name: Permit File
• Doc Date: 2/19/2016
• Doc Name: Application 3 of 4
• From: Transit Mix Concrete Company
• To: DRMS
• Email Name: TC1
• Email Name: WHE
• Media Type: D
• Archive: No

in the project area, but the Hahn site is a Clovis and Late Paleoindian occupation in El Paso County
(Zier and Kalasz 1999).
Table 1. Prehistoric Chronological Sequence for the Arkansas River Basin.
Cultural Taxon Temporal Range
Paleoindian Stage
Pre -Clovis Period
Clovis Period
Folsom Period
Plano Period
Archaic Stage
Early Archaic Period
Middle Archaic Period
Late Archaic Period
Late Prehistoric Stage
Developmental Period
Diversification Period
Apishapa Phase
Sopris Phase
Protohistoric Period
>11,500-7800 BP
>11,500 BP
11,500-10,950 BP
10,950-10,250 BP
10,250-7800 BP
7800-1850 BP (AD 100)
7800-5000 BP
5000-3000 BP
3000-1850 BP (AD 100)
1850-225 BP (AD 100-1725)
1850-900 BP (AD 100-1050)
900-500 BP (AD 1050-1450)
900-500 BP (AD 1050-1450)
900-750 BP (AD 1050-1200)
500-225 BP (AD 1450-1725)
The Folsom period (10,950-10,250 B.P.) follows the Clovis. The Folsom people were also big
game hunters, but by Folsom times the Pleistocene megafauna had become extinct and a new species
of bison (Bison antiquus) were hunted. Folsom points are finely made, fluted lanceolate projectile
points that differ in form from the earlier Clovis points. Folsom people established a bison hunting
subsistence pattern that is common on the plains throughout the rest of prehistory. Folsom points have
been found as isolated finds in southeastern Colorado, along the Arkansas drainage, and possibly at
the Pueblo Chemical Depot (Montgomery 1984; Zier and Kalasz 1999). No Folsom remains have
been found in the project area.
The Plano period (10,250-7800 B.P.) is the final Paleoindian period. Plano peoples on the plains
still targeted bison, but Plano peoples hunted the modern form of bison (Bison bison) that replaced
Bison antiquus sometime between 9,000 and 11,000 years ago (Kornfeld et al. 2010). During this
time period, there is increasing evidence that Plano peoples in the foothills and mountains began
diversifying subsistence practices to include a wider variety of plant and animal species. Communal
kills are more common in Plano sites than in preceding periods. Plano sites exhibit a variety of
lanceolate projectile point styles, possibly indicating the formation of regional groups or bands
(Pitblado 2003). Four Plano period projectile points have been located at Fort Carson, immediately
east of the project area (Zier and Kalasz 1999:92). No Plano remains have been found in the project
area.
Archaic Stage
The Archaic stage (7800-1850 B.P.), which is divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods, is
differentiated from the Paleoindian in terms of technology and subsistence practices. The initial
change from the Paleoindian to Archaic is believed to be related to a shift to a hotter and drier
climate. This climatic change, known as the Altithermal (Antevs 1955), is the subject of great debate
on the severity, timing, duration, and effect on human and animal populations. It appears that the
climate became hotter and wetter in the summer and cooler and drier in the winter (Huckell 1996).
This resulted in vegetation zones shifting upward in altitude and many areas of the plains grasslands
becoming more desert -like. Bison populations were diminished, and prehistoric occupations of the
mountains increased. Theories have been proposed in which the plains were virtually abandoned in
favor of the mountains during this time (Benedict 1979).
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