Laserfiche WebLink
of the diet is oak. Ponderosa pine - poisonous to pregnant female cows in Colorado causing <br />them to abort their fetuses. Wild Cherry and Mountain Mahogany - poisonous to cattle and sheep <br />in the west. <br />The third poisonous plant reference consulted was Durrell and Newson (1936)) who reported <br />that of these fifteen woody plants, three species have been documented to be among the most <br />common poisonous plants in Colorado; Gambel Oak, Junipers (species not given) and Wild <br />Cherry, are all poisonous to livestock in Colorado. <br />The fourth poisonous plant reference consulted was Allison (2013)) who reported that of these <br />fifteen woody plants, the following have been documented to be among the most common <br />poisonous in New Mexico to livestock. Gambel Oak, Juniperus, Pines, Ponderosa Pine, and <br />Mountain Mahogany. <br />The fifth poisonous plant reference consulted was Welch and others (2009) who reported that of <br />these fifteen woody plants, as well and other species observed but not encountered in the shrub <br />density sampling, the following have been documented to be among those species documented to <br />contain isocupressic acid (ICA) concentrations approaching or exceeding the 0.5 % in the <br />needles or leaves will cause abortions in cattle. Common Mountain Juniper reported to contain <br />concentrations of 2.05 to 2.88 % from Colorado. Rocky Mountain Juniper is reported to contain <br />concentrations of 0.84 from Utah. Pinyon Pine has been documented to contain concentrations <br />of 0.45 % from Utah. Ponderosa Pine has been documented to contain concentrations of 0.49 to <br />0.58 % from Colorado. They report that individual animals have different tolerances to ICA <br />with some animals aborting after a single exposure of only 2 -4 pounds of pine needles, while <br />others took several days of exposure before aborting their fetuses. ICA typically does not cause <br />animal death but common side effects include abortion, uterine infections and lack of milk. <br />While there is comparatively less research on the poisonous effects of Pinyon pine on cattle, this <br />study clearly documents that the ICA concentrations of this plant are within the range of the <br />values associated with Ponderosa pine which has long been known to be a poisonous plant. <br />Plants that have been Documented to be Poisonous, Phytotoxic or Which Inhibit the Growth <br />of Other Plants. <br />Of the fifteen species of woody plants encountered in the vegetation sampling at the Southfield <br />Mine, two species of trees, One -seed Juniper and Pinyon Pine have long been documented as <br />being poisonous, phytotoxic or extremely competitive toward other plants, which significantly <br />hinder and reduce their utility for being suitable candidates for mined land reclamation species. <br />Numerous authors have documented the negative influence of these two species on the <br />germination, establishment and growth of more desirable native species. One -seed Juniper <br />growing in northern Arizona was reported by Arnold (1964) to result in the establishment of <br />significant patterns of zonation immediately underneath the tree canopy and adjacent areas. He <br />reported that immediately adjacent to the tree trunk and outward for a distance of approximately <br />7 feet there was no herbaceous plant cover underneath the tree. The second zone involved the <br />zone seven feet from the tree trunk to about 11 feet in diameter, or the approximate limits of the <br />tree canopy produced a total of 2.40 percent total herbaceous cover. The third zone extended <br />9 <br />