expectations. The maximum amount of daily ballast
<br />adjustment rarely exceeded four inches at any station
<br />although up to eight inches would have been
<br />required to maintain a differential gradient of ±2
<br />percent.
<br />5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
<br />A computerized version of the graphical method first
<br />described in the Subsidence Engineers Handbook
<br />has been successfully and efficiently used to predict
<br />subsidence and related deformations at the
<br />Twentymile Coal Mine. The system lends itself to
<br />accurately predicting three - dimensional and time -
<br />phased displacements associated with multi -panel
<br />undermining.
<br />6 REFERENCES
<br />Breeds, C.D., 1976. A study of Mining Subsidence
<br />Effects on Surface Structures with Special Reference
<br />to Geological Factors. PhD Thesis, Univ,
<br />Nottingham, England, 1976, 250 pp.
<br />Karmis, M.., and Haycocks, C. 1983. Computer
<br />Simulation of Mining Subsidence Using the Zone
<br />Area Method. Final Report to the Mineral Institutes,
<br />Bureau of Mines prepared by Virginia polytechnic
<br />Institute and State University, Mining Department,
<br />March, 1983.
<br />Karmis, M.., Haycocks, C., and Agioutantis, Z.,
<br />1992. The Prediction of Ground Movement Caused
<br />by Mining. Proc. 3rd Subsidence Workshop Due to
<br />Underground Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia,
<br />June, 1992.
<br />Mark, C., 1990. Pillar Design Methods for longwall
<br />Mining. US Bureau of Mines Information Circular
<br />9247, 1990.
<br />NCB, 1975, Subsidence Engineers Handbook.
<br />Published by the National Coal Board, Production
<br />Department, 1975, ] H pp.
<br />Shadbolt, C.H., 1977. Mining Subsidence,
<br />Historical review and State of the Art. Proc. Large
<br />Ground Movements and Structures, University of
<br />Wales Institute of Science and Technology, Cardiff,
<br />Wales. Published by John Wiley and Sons, NY.
<br />Singh, M.M., 1992. Mine subsidence. Chapter 10.6
<br />SME Mining Engineering Handbook. Published by
<br />Society of Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration,
<br />Inc., 2260 pp.
<br />Stewart, C., and Shoemaker, J.E., 1992. Subsidence
<br />Monitoring Program at Cyprus Coal's Colorado
<br />Operations. Proc. 3rd Subsidence Workshop Due to
<br />Underground Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia,
<br />June, 1992.
<br />Su, D.W.H., 1992. Finite Element Modeling of
<br />Surface Subsidence Induced by Underground Coal
<br />mining. Proc. 3rd Subsidence Workshop Due to
<br />Underground Mining, Morgantown, West Virginia,
<br />June, 1992.
<br />VPI, 1987. Prediction of Ground Movements Due to
<br />Underground Mining in the Eastern United States
<br />Coalfields, Volume 1, Development of Prediction
<br />Methods. Department of Mining and Mineral
<br />Engineering, Virginia polytechnic Institute and State
<br />University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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