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HISTORICAL DNA REVEALS EXTINCTIONS AND INVASIONS 3 <br />Prevailing view <br />4 44 fib.; . <br />Yampp ! y <br />ref <br />Ox. pleuriti6s <br />i ° <br />'T/ Gunnison River <br />RNer �` <br /><RkW O . macdonaldi <br />(extinctsime 19" rande River <br />i Jua <br />ND2 889 by <br />C01641bp <br />Fig. 2 Statistical parsimony haplotype network based on mito- <br />chondria) ND2 (889 basepairs) and COI (641 basepairs) <br />sequence data sampled from modern populations. Four distinct <br />mitochondria) lineages were sampled in Colorado (lineages <br />shown in blue, green, purple and orange). The current distri- <br />bution of blue, green and purple lineages does not correspond <br />to the prevailing view in Fig. 1 (see Metcalf et al. 2007), and <br />thus, their taxonomy is unclear. The lineage composed of hapl- <br />otypes shown in orange corresponds to Rio Grande cutthroat <br />trout, which is still found in its native range today (Rio Grande <br />River drainage). Yellowstone cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus <br />clarkii bouvieri), are also included as an outgroup, shown in <br />grey. <br />© 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd <br />Fig. 1 The prevailing view of cutthroat <br />diversity and distribution in Colorado <br />and northern New Mexico. Four subspe- <br />cies were described for Colorado. Colora- <br />do River cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus <br />clarkii pleuriticus) was described for <br />drainages west of the Continental <br />Divide (blue). Greenback cutthroat trout <br />(O. c. stomias) were described for drain- <br />ages east of the Divide (green) in the <br />South Platte and Arkansas River drain- <br />ages. Yellowfin cutthroat trout (O. c. mac - <br />donaldi) were described for the Arkansas <br />River drainage basin as well, albeit <br />restricted to a small lake system (yellow <br />circle). Finally, Rio Grande cutthroat <br />trout (O. c. virginalis) were described for <br />waters in the Rio Grande River basin east <br />of the Divide in southern Colorado and <br />New Mexico (orange). <br />accounts is that trout propagation of both native and <br />introduced species was occurring in Colorado in the <br />early 1870s and continued until the present (Supporting <br />information). State and federal hatcheries began propa- <br />gation and stocking of trout for the perceived public <br />good in the early 1880s. The number of trout propa- <br />gated and stocked into the waters of Colorado was sub- <br />stantial. Between 1885 and 1953 there were 41 014 <br />documented fish stocking events in Colorado by state <br />or federal agencies. The vast majority of these involved <br />brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), rainbow trout <br />(Oncorhynchus mykiss) and cutthroat trout (O. clarkii) <br />(Fig. 3, supporting information). Remarkably, over <br />750 million fish of these three species were stocked <br />from hatcheries into streams and lakes in Colorado over <br />this period of time. Introductions of brook trout and <br />rainbow trout probably had devastating effects on <br />native cutthroat trout populations because brook trout <br />are superior competitors and rainbow trout hybridize <br />with cutthroat trout (Young & Harig 2001). The com- <br />bined effects of pollution, over - fishing and the large - <br />scale stocking of non - native trout taxa largely explained <br />the widespread decline of native trout populations <br />(Young & Harig 2001). <br />Although trout were imported into Colorado from <br />across the globe, large numbers of trout native to <br />the Southern Rocky Mountains were propagated and <br />