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ism <br />e _ f <br />9 ENLARGEMENT 2 _ h <br />Curvature: <br />Convex Upward + -# Tension <br />y Concave Upward C repression <br />(2 6 <br />it <br />Near Surface _ _ e f <br />Zone <br />Continuour <br />Deformation <br />Zone <br />Fractured <br />Zone <br />Caved Zoi <br />Figure A. Conceptual diagram showing subsidence processes shortly after longwall mining <br />(dynamic state). Enlargement shows some possible water flow directions in the fractured zone <br />along fractures and separated bedding planes within the fractured zone. Enlargement 2 shows <br />deflections of material in the near - surface and continuous - deformation zones and resulting tilt, <br />curvature, and strain. Typical angle of draw (�) and break angle (B, the angle of a line defining <br />the zone of maximum fracturing) are shown. <br />