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<br />J.l\1\.1~;'. l\ME~. 1'1:'11. :,uc., 1972, NO. 3
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<br />
<br />LITERA TURE CITED
<br />
<br />ATKINSON, C. E. 1951. Feeding habits of adult
<br />shad (Alosa sapidissima) in fresh water. Ecology
<br />32: 556--557.
<br />CATING, J. P. 1953. Determining age of Atlantic
<br />shad from their scales. Fishery Bull. Fish. Wildl.
<br />Servo U. S. 54: 187-199.
<br />CHITTENDEN, M. E., JR. 1969. Life history and ecol-
<br />ogy of the American shad, Alosa sapidissima, in
<br />the Delaware River. Ph.D. Thesis, Rutgers Univ.,
<br />458 p.
<br />FREDIN, R. A. 1954. Causes of fluctuations in abun-
<br />dance of Connecticut River shad. Fishery Bull.
<br />Fish. WildI. Servo U. S. 54: 247-259.
<br />JUDY, M. H. 1961. Validity of age determinations
<br />from scales of marked American shad. Fishery
<br />Bull. Fish. Wildl. Servo U. S. 61: 161-170.
<br />LAPOINTE, D. F. 1958. Age and growth of the
<br />American shad from the Atlantic coast rivers.
<br />Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 87: 139-150.
<br />LEACH, G. C. 1925. Artificial propagation of shad.
<br />Bureau of Fisheries Document 981. Rf^3' U. S.
<br />Comm. Fish., 1924. Appendix VIII: 459-.486.
<br />LEGGETT, W. C. 1969. Studies on the reproductive
<br />biology of the American shad (Alosa sapidissima,
<br />Wilson). A comparison of populations from
<br />four rivers of the Atlantic / seaboard. Ph.D.
<br />Thesis, McGill Univ., 125 p.
<br />LEGGETT, W. c., AND R. R. WHITNEY (in press). Wa-
<br />ter temperature and the migrations of American
<br />shad. Fishery Bulletin (D. S.) 70 (3).
<br />LEIM, A. H. 1924. The life history of the shad
<br />(Alosa sapidissima, Wilson) with special refer-
<br />ence to the factors limiting its abundance. Contr.
<br />Can. BioI. Fish. 2: 163-284;
<br />MANSUETI, R. R., AND H. KOLB. 1953. A historical
<br />review of the shad fisheries of North America.
<br />Chesapeake BioI. Lab., Solomons, Maryland,
<br />Publ. No. 97. 293 p.
<br />Moss, D. D. 1946. Preliminary studies of the shad
<br />(Alosa sapidissima) catch in the lower Connecti-
<br />cut River, 1944. 11th N. Amer. WildI. Conf.
<br />Trans. 230-239.
<br />NICHOLS, P. R. 1959. Extreme loss in body weight
<br />of an American shad (Alosa sapidissima). Copeia
<br />1959: 343-344. .
<br />NICHOLS, P. R., AND W. H. MASSMANN. 1963. Abun-
<br />dance of shad, York River, Virginia, 1953-1959.
<br />Fishery Bull. Fish. Wildl. Servo U. S: 63: 179-
<br />187.
<br />SYKES, J. E.. 1956. Shad fishery of the Ogeechee
<br />River, Georgia in 1954. U. S. Fish. WildI. Servo
<br />Fisheries, Spec. ScL Rep. 191: 1-11.
<br />SYKES, J. E., AND B. A. LEHMAN. 1957. Past and
<br />present Delaware River shad fishery and consid.
<br />,erations for its future. U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv.,
<br />Res~ Rep. 46. 25 p.
<br />TALBOT, G. B. 1954. Factors associated with fluc-
<br />tuations in abundance of Hudson River shad.
<br />Fishery Bull. Fish. WildI. Servo U. S. 56: 373-':
<br />413.
<br />W ALBURG, C. H. 1957. Neuse River shad investi.
<br />gations. 1953. U. S. Fish. WildI. Servo Fisheries,
<br />Spec. ScL Rep. 206. 13 p.
<br />W ALBURG, C. H. 1960. Abundance and life history
<br />of shad, St. Johns River, Florida. Fishery Bull.
<br />Fish. Wildl. Servo U. S. 60: 487-501.
<br />WALBURG, C. H., AND J. E. SYKES. 1957. Shad {ish-
<br />ery of Chesapeake Bay with special emphasis on
<br />
<br />the fishery of Virginia. U. S. Fish. Wildl. Serv.,
<br />Res. Rep. 48. 26 p.
<br />
<br />Department of Biology
<br />McGill University
<br />Montreal 101, Quebec
<br />and
<br />Essex Marine Laboratory
<br />Essex, Connecticut 06426
<br />
<br />WILLIAM C. LEGGETT
<br />
<br />Recovery of Shocked Common
<br />Shiner, Notropis cornutus, Re-
<br />lated to Electric Energy
<br />
<br />Electricity is widely used as a method of
<br />fish capture. Past studies have shown that
<br />fishes go through a series of responses to in-
<br />creased levels of voltage resulting finally in
<br />galvanonarcosis, a state of immobilization.
<br />Vibert (1963), Halsband (1967), and La-
<br />marque (1967) have shown the importance of
<br />voltage or voltage drop in causing these re-
<br />sponses in fishes. To construct effective
<br />electrofishing apparatus, however, considera-
<br />tion of electrical parameters in addition to
<br />voltage is necessary. The present study, hope-
<br />fully, will help to establish a basic energy
<br />threshold for electrofishing which could be
<br />extrapolated to various sampling situations.
<br />Measurements in this study are of the time
<br />necessary for fishes to recover from galvano-
<br />, narcosis after current is no longer applied.
<br />
<br />MATERIALS AND METHODS
<br />
<br />Experiments using common shiners,--Ni).:
<br />tropis cornutus, were performed under labora-
<br />tory conditions at Lake Superior State College.
<br />The equipment consiste~ of a direct current
<br />laboratory power supply capable of producing
<br />up to 180 volts of direct current. A smal1 rec-
<br />tangular polyethylene tank approximately 400
<br />X 224 X 160 mmwas used to hold and shock
<br />, fish. Two electrodes, consisting of copper
<br />screen, were glued to opposite ends of the tank.
<br />These electrodes were cut to a length so that
<br />each fuUy covered an end of the. tank. The
<br />recovery time of narcotized fishes was defined
<br />as the period from the last second the current
<br />was applied until the fish regained a normal,
<br />upright position and was able to swim again.
<br />To avoid muscle and nerve fatigue, none o.f
<br />the fish shocked . was used more than once.
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