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000690 Subsequent developments at Trappers Lake were affected by. the fact that the 1919 policy approved by District Forester A. S. Peck for the region was continued throughout the 1920's. Evidence to support that claim is found in the restricted applications for homesites, and in the cancellation of permits for sites already surveyed.42 In addition, several permits for cabins built in 1916, 1917, and 1920 were canceled and the cabins destroyed. The fOllowing quotation from the notes of Forest Examiner Fred R. Johnson is most explicit: From my field notes it is evident that we [Forest Supervisor Lewis R. Rist, Assistant Forest Supervisor Karl L. Janouch, and Johnson] concluded that the area above Trappers Lake should be reserved for wilderness purposes. This was further corroborated by later findings in the Supervisor's Office at Glenwood Springs [in) a letter from Regional Forester Allen S. Peck to Supervisor James Blair, under date of Oct 12, 1923, stating that the Forest Service should not plan to continue the road beyond its terminus at Forest Inn (Us mile below Trappers Lakel.43 . I ., Formal establishment of the Flat Tops Primitive Area under Regulation L.20 began when Forest Supervisor Rist, who replaced James A. Blair in 1928, approved the recreation management plan for the White River National Forest on December 17, 1929. He then forwarded it to Washington, where on March 5, 1932, the Flat Tops Primitive Area was granted final approval by the Chief of the Forest Service, R. Y. Stuart.44 The area has been managed since 1932 under Regulation L-20 and is currently (1965-1967) being studied for reclassification to wilderness status, pursuant to the Wilderness Act of 1964.45 The second de facto application of the wilderness concept in the United States took place in the Superior National Forest in Minnesota. Its origin may be traced to Carhart's preliminary report of 1919; it was advanced a step further when in 1921 Carhart paid a second visit to that Forest and drafted a second, or revised, report. The 1921 "Recreation Plan, Superior National Forest, Minnesota," consisted of 144 pages, complete with photographic illustrations and maps of the area.46 It was "dedicated to the ideal of human service and to the purpose of making Americans of greater mind, body and soul, - and through them preserve ou r national I ife from disintegration because of its oppressing association with man-made, artificiallife."4 7 I I Under "Wilderness Spirit," a heading which has direct bearing on this study, Carhart reiterated that there was "so little wilderness left where natural conditions are supreme that the Superior stands somewhat by itself in this type."48 One final quotation should suffice to indicate his central concept: "The whole place should be kept as near wilderness as possible, the wilderness feature being developed rather than any urban conditions."49 Out of this plan came the first major disagreement over road building in National Forests;50 this dispute concerned the Boundary Waters Canoe Area. The Boundary Waters Canoe Area Review Committee reported to Secretary of Agriculture Orville L. Freeman in December, 1964, that the first attempt to indicate and to develop guiding principles for that area was made in 1919 when Arthur H. Carhart was employed as a landscape architect for the Forest Service.51 It should be noted that Carhart's carbon copy of the plan discussed immediately above was clearly marked "1921," the year of his second visit, but that Region 9 of the Forest Service in Milwaukee and the Washington Office referred to the document as 7