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<br />type and elevation, and the duration of
<br />out-of-channel flooding required for plant
<br />germination is unknown. Future research
<br />focusing on the hydrostatic and hydro-
<br />dynamic requirements of floodplains may
<br />improve our understanding of geomorphic
<br />processes and provide the details necessary
<br />to refine in-channel and out-of-channel
<br />flow requirements.
<br />Establishing multiple flows for protec-
<br />tion of aquatic resources recognizes that
<br />natural systems were built and are main-
<br />tained by different magnitudes of dis-
<br />charge occurring over time and space, This
<br />calls into question the conventional wis-
<br />dom that excess water is available in all
<br />streams for diversion or storage purposes.
<br />It is likely that any substantial alteration
<br />of natural stream flows from snowmelt-
<br />controlled broad alluvial valley types will
<br />have significant impact on fish habitat and
<br />abundance,
<br />Although the technical methods used in
<br />
<br />I
<br />,.......J
<br />
<br />our analysis are not new, it is clear that
<br />streamflow management practiced only as
<br />a fisheries art is inadequate to protect river
<br />ecosystems. Multiple flow requirements are
<br />required for maintenance of ecological sys-
<br />tems encompassing streams, riparian zones,
<br />and valleys. Such analysis is seldom con-
<br />ducted because of expense and complexity.
<br />However, we have demonstrated for the
<br />Whitebird site that multiple flow analysis
<br />is possible with methods currently in com-
<br />mon use.
<br />Fundamental research that quantifies the
<br />ecological links between instream and out-
<br />of-stream resources is needed to develop
<br />more refined methods, This research will
<br />come from hydrologists, aquatic and ter-
<br />restrial biologists, botanists, and geomor-
<br />phologists working together to establish
<br />multiple flow criteria. Meanwhile, tech-
<br />niques are available to perform more com-
<br />prehensive analyses than are now the cus-
<br />tom.
<br />
<br />REfERENCES
<br />
<br />Andrews, E. D. 1980. Effective and useful bankfull discharges of streams in the Yampa River
<br />Basin, Colorado and Wyoming. foumal of Hydrulugy 46(3):311-330.
<br />Annear, T. c., and A. L. Conder. 1984. Relative bias of several fisheries mstrf!am flow methods.
<br />North Amerlcan faun/a I of Fisllaies Management 4(4B):531-539.
<br />Beschta, R. L. 1987. Conceptual models of sediment transport in streams. Pages 128-165 in
<br />C. P. Thorne, J. C. Bathurst. and R. D. Hey, editors. Problems of sediment transport IfI gravel-
<br />bed rivers. London, England: John Wiley & Sons.
<br />_, and W. L. Jackson. 1979. The intrusion of fine sediments into a stable gravel bed.
<br />Journal of the Fisheries Research BOQrd of Canada 36(2):204-210.
<br />_, and W. S. Platts. 1986. Significance and function of morphological features of small
<br />streams. Water Resources BuIIetin 22(3):369-379.
<br />Bovee, K. D. 1982. A guide to stream habitat analysis using the Instream Flow Incremental
<br />Methodology. Instream Flow Paper No. 12. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
<br />(FWS/OBS-82/26),
<br />Chorley, R. J., S. A. Schumm, and D. E. Sugdem. 1984. Geomorphology. London, England:
<br />Methuen and Company.
<br />Cupp, C. E. 1989. Valley segment type classification for forested Lands of Washington. Final
<br />report to the Washington Forest Protection Association, Olympia, Washington.
<br />Franz, E. H., and F. A. Bazzaz. 1977. Simulation of vegetation response to modified hydrologic
<br />regimes: A probabilistic model based on niche differentiation in a floodplain forest. Ecology
<br />58(1):176-183,
<br />Hack, J. T. 1957. Studies of longitudinal stream profiles in Virginia and MaryLand. Wash-
<br />ington, DC: U.5. Geological Survey (Professional Paper 294-8)'-
<br />Harris, R. R., C. A. Fox, and R. Risser. 1987. Impacts of hydroeLectric deveLopment on riparian
<br />vegetation in the Sierra Nevada region. California. Environmental Management 11(4):519-
<br />527.
<br />Hynes. H. B. N. 1970. The tcology of running walers. Toronto. Canada: University of Toronto
<br />Press.
<br />Junk, W. J., P. B. Bayley, and R. E. Sparks. 1989. The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain
<br />systems. Pages 110-127 in D. P. Dodge, editor. proce-edings of the International Large
<br />River Symposium. Canadian Special Publication of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 106.
<br />Ottawa: Department of Fisheries and Oceans.
<br />Kellerhals, R., and M. Church. 1989. The morphology of large rivers: Characterization and
<br />
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<br />July 1991
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<br />Rivers' Volume 2, Number 3
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