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and Parks, pers. comm. 1992). These velocities are commonly found throughout the species' range. . . Pallid sturgeon collected from the Missouri River above 'Garrison Reservoir in North Dakota during spring and fall seasons of 1988 to 1991 were found in deep pools at the downstream end of chutes and sandbars, and in the slower currents of near-shore areas (A. Sandvol, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, pers. comm. 1992). These areas may have been provid~ng good habitat for energy conservation.and feeding. Turbiditv: Pallid sturgeon historically occupied turbid river systems. Turbidity levels where pallid sturgeon have been found in South Dakota range from 31.3 Nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to 137.6 NTU (J. Erickson, pers. comm. 1992). Water Deoth: The range of water depths ,where pallid sturgeon were frequently found in South Dakota are 2 to 6 m (7 to 20 ft) (J. Erickson, pers. comm. 1992). In Montana, pallid sturgeon wer. captured from depths that ranged from 1.2 to 3~7 m(3.9 to 12.1 ft) in the summer, but they were captured in deeper waters during winter (P. Clancey, pers.comm. 1992). During late summer in North Dakota, pallid sturgeon were captured at depths that ranged from 2.1 to . 7.6 m (6.9 to 24.9 ft) (A. Sandvol, pers. comm. 1992). One pallid sturgeon collected on the Yellowstone River in July 1991 was captured at a depth of 1 to 2 m (3.3 to 6.6 ft) (Watson and Stewart 1991). One pallid sturgeon collected in the lower Platte River in May 1989 was captured at a depth of 1.5 m (4.9 ft) (M. Harberg, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, pers. comm. 1992). Substrate: Pallid sturgeon are most fr~quentlY caught over a sand bottom, which is the predominant bottom substrate within the species' range on the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers. The pallid sturgeon collected on the Yellowstone RiVer in July 1991 by Watson and Stewart (1991) was over a bottom of mainly gravel and rock, which is the predominant substrate at that capture site. Temperature: Pallid sturgeon inhabit areas where the water temperatures range from OoC to 300C (320F to 860F), which i~ the range of water temperature on the Missouri and Mississippi RiVers. Ther~ is no information to indicate temperature preference or the effects df temperature on the species. Curtis (1990) found no relation between surfa~e water temperatures and depth used by shpvelnose sturgeon on the Mississippi ,River and no indication that shovel nose sturgeon were moving into deeper, cool~r water (if available) as water temperature increased. ~ifeHistory Reproductive Bioloav: Little is knowniabout reproduction or spawning activities of pallid sturgeon. Even b~sic parameters such as spawning locations, substrate preference, water'temperature, or time of year have not been documented. No spawning beds have been located and larval pallid sturgeon have not been recorded by investigators. (There is presently no information available that distinguishes larval pallid sturgeon from larval 8 .~~",...~",._.