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<br />36 <br /> <br /> <br />O~185'1 <br /> <br />surface runoff from 1 inch under no grazing ,to 2. 1/2 inches under <br /> <br />moderate-grazing, and to 3.2. inches under heavy'grazi'll' Erosion <br /> <br />increased only slightly with the change from no grazing to moderate <br /> <br />grazing, but doubled uuder heavy grazing. In the'BadgerWash <br /> <br />Iiltudy in Colorado (USGS, USFS, 1960), the ratio of the mealilured <br /> <br />runoff from grazed compared with ungrazed areas varied from 108 <br /> <br />to 199 with an average of lIobout 12.0. In a pine forest removal of <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />the litter under 'the pine stand increased the surfate runoff by about <br /> <br />13 times (from 0.17 to 2..2. inches) the first year after removal, <br /> <br />but the effect decrealiled with.time, va\1ililhing to zero-the eighth or <br /> <br />ninth year Cl:fter the removal of the litter. Several iuveliltigatorlil <br /> <br />have found an increalile in runoff when brushlands are converted to <br /> <br />gralils (?atric, 1959, and :Pillsbury, etaL, 196J), Inappraililing <br />".,.. . <br /> <br />the Iilupply of >vater for a stock pond, the :~~~,e:ibility()f vegetatlve <br />. modification should be conlili4ered. <br /> <br />Drainagechanne16 <br /> <br />Drainage density may be a direct elueto expected amouut of <br /> <br />runoff in local,areas. Hadley andS.chumm (1961) found a relation <br /> <br />between the annual r.unoff anqthe dr_ainage <lenlility lnthe upper Chey- <br /> <br />eRne River basin. For eX;;O;n1ple. a 5-acre water. shed with 270 feet <br /> <br />of drainage channel, had about three times therun()ff of a d~aihage <br />