|
<br />~
<br />
<br />~-
<br />
<br />Federal Register I Vol. 46. No. 128 I Mondny, Jul}' 6. 1981 I Notices
<br />
<br />35063
<br />
<br />B. WateT Requirements for Unit-Sized
<br />Facilities
<br />
<br />Water requirements estimates for
<br />unit-sized facilities were detennined for
<br />each of the energy conversion processes
<br />under colllideraUon. These estimates
<br />
<br />wert! based on available data from
<br />small-scale experimental facilities.
<br />theoretical calculations. and similar
<br />infonnatlon. The estimates are general
<br />due to the wide range in Willer
<br />requiremen~ among individual proces.
<br />technologies. varying efficiencies of
<br />
<br />cooling equipment. differences in air and
<br />water pollution control measures. Bod
<br />facility design option,. Table 4 presents
<br />the range in wall!'t requirement. for unit-
<br />aized synfuels facilities and the valucB
<br />selected for use in the assenment which
<br />assume zero return flows.
<br />
<br />~.
<br />
<br />Tabl. 4._W8ter Requiroments for UniI-SinId Syn/r.Jels Fa<:ikties
<br />
<br />--
<br />(1.000 ___-...,-,
<br />
<br />'-
<br />
<br />.-
<br />
<br />-
<br />.....
<br />
<br />-
<br />-
<br />--
<br />
<br />0IlSt.-~
<br />-""'-
<br />Lo-.e.."C-'~
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />,-.
<br />'-15
<br />"'1..[;
<br />
<br />"
<br />"
<br />13.5
<br />.,
<br />
<br />-:..-_ 50.00I:I tltIlf____----.:.
<br />_.:....-._J:5Q_IId....:..tO>>\,
<br />.~_____2!IO_IId._l.I__
<br />
<br />-
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />t
<br />
<br />lnformat.1on presented in Tables 3 and
<br />" was then integrated to estimate annual
<br />water consumption for synfuels
<br />development in each developmenl area.
<br />
<br />Estimates of waler requireffifilts for
<br />associated growth were added to_
<br />include provision fOf water supplies lor
<br />municipal indu.mal, and other purposel
<br />
<br />Table S.~ WsttJfRoquirsments-2000
<br />1I.llOG~_1
<br />
<br />lhat may accompany So)'nfuels
<br />development {Table 5}.
<br />
<br />.
<br />
<br />s,r.tueI"",,.I~-
<br />
<br />,..
<br />
<br />--
<br />dI-........ofI'A ~
<br />
<br />,..
<br />
<br />......-
<br />"""",,,-.-- .-
<br />
<br />--
<br />
<br />-'....
<br />
<br />~--_. 10.. . '" '" , ~,
<br />v____ -- . . . " , 10,5
<br />-- ,
<br />Coocw.do-,- 71,3 .. ~, ,,., ~ "'S
<br />UIlII>___ ",3 . '" ... . ...
<br />I.JppOfCQDr_Rio...-_s..... _-----~:_;~--c- ". . ". ~ " M
<br />,"",",",~Rr..-:""_ . . . " , '"
<br />s.,.......I'Wow-,
<br />~- -- ", , '" '" , '"
<br />-~ ~ . " .. . ..
<br />,- -----.--.--.---..- ,.. ~ = ".. .. MU I
<br /> . -,
<br />
<br />C. Wastewater Manogement for
<br />Sfnfuels Teclmalogies
<br />The wastewaters produC2d by synluel
<br />facilities will come from water used for
<br />processing. cooling and sanitary
<br />purposes. and from sLlrface runoff and
<br />mine drainage or dewatering. Under the
<br />assumpUon tbal wastewaler effluenl
<br />guidelines will be continued in their
<br />current form. disposal of the
<br />wastewaters will probably be through
<br />evsporation. ash dispose!. shale
<br />compaction. and similar means, rather
<br />than by discharge to a surface stream. .
<br />1. Coal Gelsifieation. Coat gasification
<br />facilities generate two separate
<br />wastewater streams--a blowdown
<br />stream of highly saline water from boiler
<br />makeup and cooling tower waters. and a
<br />proceu condensate stream conlaining
<br />various concentrations of ammonia.
<br />carbon dioxide. pbenols. Ind other
<br />organics. 11 the process condensate
<br />stream is added to the cooling towen
<br />feedwall'r, the blowdown stream will
<br />contain both saline and organic
<br />contaminant,.
<br />
<br />These wastewater streams can be
<br />used for dust control if leachable salte.
<br />ammonia, and phenols ate sufficiently
<br />reduced. Alternatively, the wllste
<br />slream, can be used to wet down the
<br />coal ash if the aitl site is designed to
<br />prevent groundwater contamination.
<br />The estimated costs of dispos1na: such
<br />wastewaters through 8ppropriale use in
<br />evaporative cooling towers. dust control
<br />and ash compaction are aooul2.1 cents
<br />per million Blu of product output.
<br />2. Oil Shale Minit18 ond Retorting. Oil
<br />sbale mining may require management
<br />of large Quantities of brackish mine
<br />drainage waler. The retorting will
<br />produce saline blowdown from boilers
<br />and cOO;ling towen and proceBS
<br />condensate water containing organics.
<br />I.e., waste stream, similar to. though not
<br />Identical with, those from coal
<br />gasification plants. The bNlCkish mine
<br />water might be U5OO, In whole or in part.
<br />a5 a 5upply source for plant cooling and
<br />process water. Exct'ss mine water would
<br />ha\'e to be eilber reinjected underground
<br />
<br />or tJ"f!ated before discharge to a surface
<br />stream.
<br />Depending on the process used to
<br />dispose of lpent 5hale. significant
<br />quantities of wastewater could be used
<br />to moisten the shale aOer processing.
<br />One alternative fot' spent sbale disposal
<br />would involve raising its in.place
<br />moislure content to convert the spent
<br />shale 10 a compacted, relatively
<br />impermeable and inert fill material,
<br />which would probably not contaminate
<br />surface 51reams or groundwater. This
<br />could consume all waslewater produced
<br />by the blowdown and proCt!SlI
<br />condensate stredms.
<br />The second ahemati"e involvellining
<br />a valley with a thin. impermeable layer
<br />of compacted spent shale that is wetted
<br />down. The remainder of the spenl shalo
<br />would be deposited into the lined basin
<br />and compacted bul nol welled down
<br />except for dust control Since less thao 1
<br />percent of the spenl !lhale would be
<br />welled down, this alternative would use
<br />much less waslewaler than the first
<br />altemati\'e.
<br />
<br />I
<br />
<br />0380
<br />
<br />.
<br />
|