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<br />001444 <br /> <br />CONTENTS <br /> <br />Foreword. ... . <br />Introduction . <br />Background <br />Inadequacy of sampling <br />Bias in records of long term <br />Short-term abnormalities and "steps" in records <br />Sources of: error in hydrologic records <br />General considerations . . . <br />streamflO'N . . . . . . <br />Gage heights . . . <br />Un$table controls . <br />Rapidly changing discharge <br />Flbod. fl'Ows . <br />Ice effects . <br />Surface velocities . <br />Precipitati'On . . . . <br />Types of gages . . . . . . . . <br />ExP'Osure and spacing 'Of gages <br />Dependability 'Of 'Observations . <br />S'Ources 'Of err'Or . . . <br />Err'One'Ous timing . <br />Improper exp'Osure <br />Catch 'Of sn'Ow . . <br />Snow density . . . <br />Minimal amounts 'Of precipitati'On <br />Unn'Oted change in l'Ocati'On 'Of station <br />Recording gages at rem'Ote stati'Ons <br />C'Onsistency of records . . . . . . <br />Use of data ..... . . . . . .-. . <br />Determining averages or n'Ormals <br />Preparing is'Ohyetal maps . . . <br />Frequency analyses . . . . <br />Timing of observations . . <br />Estimating missing rec'Ords . . <br />Statistical analyses <br />Early published data . . . <br />Air te~erature . . . . . . . . . <br />Effects 'Of l'Ocation and installation 'Of <br />measuring equipment . . . . . .- . . . . <br />Types 'Of temperature records and equipment <br />Dependability of 'Observations <br />Effects 'Of exp'Osure <br />Other sources of error <br />C'Onsistency 'Of rec'Ords . . <br />Use of data ., . . . . .. .- . . <br />Determining averages or n'Ormals . <br />Timing of 'Observati'Ons . . . . . . . . . <br />C'Orrelation with hydrologic parameters . . <br />Upper-air temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. .- . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. " . . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. .. . .- <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. . . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Page <br /> <br />i <br />I <br />1 <br />2 <br />3 <br />, <br />6 <br />6 <br />1.1 <br />1.1 <br />1.2 <br />1.2 <br />1.3 <br />I., <br />I., <br />II.l <br />II.l <br />II.2 <br />II.2 <br />II.2 <br />11.3 <br />II.3 <br />II.3 <br />11.3 <br />II.3 <br />II.4 <br />II.4 <br />II.4 <br />II., <br />II., <br />II.6 <br />II.6 <br />II.6 <br />II.7 <br />II.7 <br />II.7 <br />III.l <br /> <br />III. 1 <br />III. I <br />III.2 <br />III. 2 <br />III.2 <br />III.3 <br />III.3 <br />III. 3 <br />III.3 <br />III.4 <br />III.4 <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />. . <br /> <br />