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I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 34 after the Compact went into effect in 1929. In consideration of a tentative contract between Arizona, California and the Department of Interior in 1935, Carpenter noted that all rights of Arizona were subject to the Compact and that "[t]he Compact include[d] the Gila River as part of the Colorado River system and provide[ d] for further allocation of the surplus waters by Article III.,,93 He was sympathetic to Arizona's needs on most occasions, as will be seen by the following section, but he was insistent that the Gila River not be excluded from the Colorado River Compact. .The Power Issue. Carpenter's views about power distribution originated from the same philosophical base as those he held respecting the equitable distribution of water of interstate streams. He believed that water for power should be subservient to agricultural and domestic uses; that power rights should not attach to any surplus, unappropriated waters in the river;94 that the states owned the bed and channel of the Colorado River lying below high water line and should, therefore, have some say in how power was to be distributed once works were constructed;95 that the federal government should respond to the wishes of all the states and not just to the demands of California;96 and that the success of "this great regional enterprise" [hydropower on the Colorado River] would depend on "either voluntary allocation of power benefits by interstate agreement or an equal allocation of benefits ifmade by the United States without consent of all three states [Nevada, Arizona, California] in advance of a division ofwater."97 Any consideration of power allocation without the consent of the states where power would be generated, said Carpenter, "is almost certain to invite litigation and resort to measures in self defense. ,,98 As with the construction of dams and reservoirs on the river, the.silli: