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<br />satlJ,TatiOI1 ZOne, from which wells and springs arc fed. In a
<br />strict sense the term applies only to water below the water table.
<br />Also called plerotic 'Water; 1'1lTeatic water.
<br />WATER, GROUND, CONFINED - A body of ground-Wale,
<br />over]~in by material sufficiently impervious to sever free hy-
<br />draulic connection with o\"erlying ground water except at the
<br />intake. Confined s.round water moves under the pressure due to
<br />difference in head between intake and discharge areas of the
<br />confined water body and is under sufficient pressure to rise
<br />above the bottom of the confining bed, iF given an opportunity
<br />to do so.
<br />WATER, GROUND, RECHAHGE - W"e, descending '0 ,he
<br />zone of saturation. Natural recharge is that portion of water
<br />from the atmosphere which gravitates to the zone of saturation
<br />under natural conditions. Artificial recharge is that water which
<br />is added to the zone of saturation through the activities of man,
<br />such as spreading basins, wells, irrigation, and induced infiltra-
<br />tion from streams. Also called recharge; ground-water intake;
<br />gr01lnd-wateT increment.
<br />WATER, USE OF, BENEFICIAL - The use of w",er fo, some
<br />purpose from which benefits are derived. Such use includes do-
<br />mestic, irrigation, de\'elopmem of hydroelectric power, indus-
<br />trial, etc. The term benefits is variable with locll.lity and custom,
<br />and what constitutes beneficial use is often defined by statute
<br />or in decisions of the court.
<br />WATER, USE OF, DOMESTIC - The use of water primarily
<br />for household purposes, the watering of livestock, the irrigation
<br />of gardens, lawns, shrubbery, etc., surrounding a hous.e Ot
<br />domicile.
<br />WATER, USE OF, INDUSTHIAL - The use of Wale, pri-
<br />marily in connection with industrial operations of processes.
<br />WATER, USE OF, IRRIGATION - The use of w",er pri
<br />marily for the purpose of irrigating of crops.
<br />\VATER, USE OF, MUNICIPAL - The various uses to which
<br />water is put in de\'eloped urban area, including domestic use,
<br />industrial use, street sprinkling, fire protection, air conditioning,
<br />etc. The term is an inclusive one, applied where the uses ar~
<br />\'aried.
<br />WATER USE, PRIORITY OF . The right to use water for
<br />one purpose to the full amount required for such purpose, in
<br />times of shortage of a full supply for all uses, over the right to
<br />use it for another purpose. Domestic use usually has priority in
<br />times of shorrage o\'er all other uses. Other priorities are usually
<br />set forth in statutes.
<br />WELL, FLOWING - A well that discharges water at the sur-
<br />face without the aid or application of a pump or other lifting
<br />de\;ce. Flowing wells may be dassified, with respect to the
<br />agency that produces the Oow, into artesian and gas-lift wells.
<br />WELL, RECHARGE - An inverted well installed for the pur-
<br />pose of inc!easing the .ground-water supply by conducting sur-
<br />face water mto an aquJfer.
<br />WELL, WATER-TABLE - A well whose source of supply is
<br />free ground-water in the zone of saturation beJow a water-table.
<br />YIELD, GROUND-WATER, ECONOMIC - The m.ximum
<br />tate at which water can be artificially withdrawn from an
<br />aquifer throughout the foreseeable future without depleting the
<br />supply or altering the chemical character of the water to such
<br />an extent that withdrawal at this rate is no longer economically
<br />possiblt>. The economic yield varies with economic conditions
<br />and other factors such as recharge, natural discharge, pumping
<br />head, etc. The term may be applied with respect to the eco-
<br />nomic feasibility of withdrawal from the standpoint only {If
<br />those who artificially withdraw w,Her or from the standpoint of
<br />the economy of a river valley or other larger area to which the
<br />aquifer contributes water,
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<br />YIELD, SAFE. The maximum dependable draft which can
<br />be made continuously upon a source of water supply (surface or
<br />ground water) during a period of years during which the pro-
<br />bable driest period or period of greatest deficiency in water
<br />supply is likely to occur. Dependability is relati\-"e and is a
<br />function of storage provided and drought probability.
<br />
<br />GLOSSARY OF TERMS RELATING TO
<br />THE PHREATOPHYTE PROBLEM
<br />
<br />AREA OF GROUND-WATER DISCHARGE - An area
<br />whetein gtound wateT is disc.harged through springs, effluent
<br />seepage, or is evaporated from the soil or transpired from vegeta-
<br />tion.
<br />
<br />CONSUMPTIVE USE - The quantity of water transpired by
<br />plants, retained in plant tissue, and eval?O:rated from the plants
<br />and surrounding surfaces in a given period. It may be expressed
<br />as a depth over a unit area or as a volume per unit of foliage
<br />volume. (After Hardman, George, written commLlnication
<br />9-12-61.)
<br />DEFOLIANT - A chemical applied, that causes the plant to
<br />shed its leaves without killing the plant.
<br />DEVELOPED WATER - \Vater that has been added to a
<br />stream or water supply, generally from subterranean sources or
<br />from seepa.ge a.s the result of salvage operations, that was pre-
<br />viously lost to the atmosphere or pre\'ented from reaching the
<br />stream. (After Trelease, Cases on Western Water Rights, p. 149,
<br />1954,)
<br />DIURNAL FLUCTUATlON . The cyclic ';se and fall of the
<br />water table or streamflow during a 24.hour period in response
<br />to changes in evapo-transpiration draft from ground-water by
<br />phreatophytes.
<br />EVAPO-TRANSPIRATION - Water withdrawn from soil by
<br />e\'3poration and plant transpiration. Considered synonymous with
<br />consumptive use. (After ASCE ClossaT)', p. 84, 1949.)
<br />FLOOD PLAIN - The area d~scribed by the perimeter of the
<br />probably limiting flood. That portion of a ri\'er valley which
<br />has been covered with water when the river overflowed its
<br />banks at flood stage. The plain in most instances has been built
<br />~p by alluvium deposited by the stream. (After \Vhite, G.F.,
<br />Human adjustments to noods, p. 44, Univ. of Chicago Press,
<br />1945,)
<br />GROWING SEASON - The season that is warm enough for
<br />plants to grow.
<br />HALOPHYTES - Plants which can endure large amounts of
<br />salt or alkali in the soil water on which they live.
<br />HYDROLOGIC CYCLE - The cycle of water movement, in
<br />liquid, solid. or \'apor form. from the atmosphere to the land
<br />and water bodies. and back to the atmosphere again.
<br />PER COLA TION - The movement, under hydro5tatic pressure,
<br />of water through the interstices of the rock or soil except mo\-e-
<br />ment through large openings, such as caves. (After Meinzer,
<br />USGS WSP 494, p, 42, 1923,)
<br />PHREATOPHYTE - A plant that habitually obtains its water
<br />supply from the zone of saturation, either directly or through
<br />the capillary fringe. (Meinzer, USGS WSP 494, p. 55, 1923.)
<br />SALVAGED WATER - That part of a particulaT stream or
<br />other water s.uPI?'r that is saved from loss from the supply by
<br />reason of artlflcla work, and therefore is retained within the
<br />supply and so made a\'ailable for use. Generally, one who
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