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<br />If a strong acid or base is added, the reaction will be driven to
<br />the left or right respectively, but much of the a+ or OH- ions will
<br />be absorbed before the pH is radically alt.ered.
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<br />This system is also a reservoir of carbon used in photosynthesis
<br />and thus is correlated with the stream productivity.
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<br />The pH does not give the buffering capacity, but does tell if the
<br />carbonate system is bicarbonate (<8.3), carbonate (8.3-10), or
<br />hydroxyl (:>10). Hardness is just the concentration of calcium
<br />and magnesium plus a few other ions in minor concentrations. It
<br />is also expressed as CaC03 (as is alkalinity and acidity).. Hard-
<br />ness is usually correlated with dissolved solids and biological
<br />productivity, but has no direct biological significance.
<br />
<br />Specific cbnductance is a measure of water's ability to carry an
<br />electric current. The result is related to the total concentration
<br />of ionized substances in water and the water temperature. The
<br />nature of the ionized materials affect the conductance.
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<br />Most surface waters have a conductance in the range of 50-500.
<br />micromhos/cm. There are many applications of the results. One
<br />is that the amount of dissolved solids maybe estimated by mul-
<br />tiplying the specific conductance by: an empirical factor. That
<br />factor is usually between .5 and .9.
<br />
<br />The specific conductance data collected indicates the water is
<br />chemically rather pure. The range varied from 45 to 73 micromhos/cm
<br />which indicates a total dissolved solids range of probably 30 to
<br />50 mg/l, a very low range.
<br />
<br />The hardness and alkalinity data are also low which is not unusual
<br />for high elevation mountain streams. Hardness ranged from 14 to
<br />36 mg/l and alkalinity ranged from 22 to 36 mg/l. The hardness
<br />was, in all cases, carbonate hardness. This does indicate that
<br />the buffering system is not strong. The Water Quality Criteria
<br />published in 1968 by the Fede~al Water Pollution Control Adminis-
<br />trad.on (now the Environmental Protection Agency) recommends. that
<br />to protect the carbonate system and productivity of the water
<br />acid should not be added to lower the total alkalinity below
<br />20 mg/l expressed as CaC03' The natural situation at Williams
<br />Creek is near that.
<br />
<br />12
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