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<br />
<br />SPHERES OJ' INFLUENCE AND ALUANCEB
<br />
<br />As the' provisions of the four-natiOI: declara-
<br />tion are carried into effect, there will no longer be
<br />need for spheres of illlluence, for alliullces, for
<br />balance of power, or any other of the special ar-
<br />rangements through which, in the unhappy past,
<br />the llations strove to safeguard their security or
<br />to promote their interests,
<br />
<br />SURVEILLANCE OVER AGORESSOR NATIONS
<br />
<br />In the process ,of re-establishing international
<br />order, the United Nations must exercise surveil-
<br />hlllCe over aggressor nations until such time as the
<br />latter demonstrate their willingness and ability
<br />to live at,peace with other nations, How long
<br />slich surveillance will need to continue must de-
<br />pend upon the rapidity with which 'he peoples
<br />of Germany, Japan, Italy, and their satellites give
<br />convincing proof that they have r~pudiated and
<br />abandoned the monstrous philosophy of superior
<br />race and conquest by force and have embraced loy-
<br />ally the basic principles of peaceful processes.
<br />
<br />INTERNATIONAL TRADE BAJlJlImS
<br />
<br />Excessive trade barriers of the many different
<br />kinds must be reduced, and practices which im-
<br />pqse injuries on others and divert trade from its
<br />,natural economic course must be avoided.
<br />
<br />INTERNATIONAL FINANCE
<br />
<br />Equally plain is the need for making national
<br />currencies once more freely exchangeable for each
<br />other at stable rates of ,exchange; for a system of
<br />financial relations so devised that materials can be
<br />produced and ways may be found of moving them
<br />" where there are markets created, by human need;
<br />for, machinery, through which capital may-for,
<br />the development of the world's resources and for
<br />the stabilization of economic activity-move on
<br />equitable terms from financially stronger to finan-
<br />cially weaker countries,
<br />
<br />ATLANTIC CHARTER: RECIPROCAL ORLIGATIONS
<br />
<br />, The pledge of the Atlantic Charter is of a sys-
<br />tem which will give every nation, large or small,
<br />a greater assurance of stable peace, greater op-
<br />portunity for the realization of its aspiratioas to
<br />freedom, and greater facilities for material ad-
<br />vancement, But that pledge implies an obliga-
<br />tion for each nation to demonstrate its capacity
<br />for stable and progressive government, to fulfil
<br />
<br />DEPARTMENT OF STATE BULLETIN
<br />
<br />scrupulously its established duties to other na-
<br />tions, to settle its international differences and
<br />disputes by none but peaceful. methods, and to
<br />make its full contribution to the maintenance of
<br />enduring peace.
<br />SOVEREIGN EQUALITY OF NATIGNS
<br />Each sovereign nation, large or small, is in law
<br />and under law the equal of every other nation.
<br />The principle of sovereign equality of all peace-
<br />loving states, irrespective of size and strength, as
<br />partners in a future system of general security, will
<br />be the foundation-stone upon which the future
<br />international organization will be constructed.
<br />
<br />FORM OF GOVERNMENT
<br />Each nation should be free to decide for itself
<br />the forms and details of its governmental organi-
<br />zation-so long as it conduct.s its affairs in such a.
<br />way as not to menace the peace and security of
<br />other nations.
<br />
<br />NON-INTERVENTION -'
<br />
<br />All nations, large and small, which respect the
<br />rights of others are entitl,'d to freedom from out-,
<br />side interference in their internal 'affairs,
<br />
<br />LIBERTY
<br />
<br />There is no surer way for men and for llations to
<br />show themselves,worthy of liberty than to fight for
<br />its preservation, in any way that is open to them,
<br />against those who would destroy it for all. Never
<br />did a plainer duty to fight agamst its foes devolve
<br />upon all peoples who prize liberty and all who
<br />aspire to it. '
<br />All peoples who, with "a decent respect to the
<br />opinions of mankind", have qualified themselves
<br />to assume and to discharge the responsibilities of
<br />liberty are 'entitled to its enjoyment.
<br />
<br />DEPENDENT PEOPLES
<br />
<br />There reSts upon the independent nations ..
<br />responsibility in relation to dependent peoples who
<br />aspire to liberty. It should be the duty <if imtions
<br />having political ties with such peoples, of manda-
<br />tories, of trustees, or of other agencies, as the case
<br />may be, to help the aspiring peoples to develop
<br />materially and educationally, to prepare them-
<br />selves for the duties and responsibilities of self-
<br />government, and to attain liberty, An excellent
<br />example of what can be achieved is afforded in the
<br />record of our relation,hip with the Philippines.
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