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. . -13- ? \l'.... .~, '...." ... -."- -::-:--::=:~ . reserved water right In C:;~~ter ~whlch vest~.n the date o~ the reservation )and Is superior to the rlgnts-of-tuture- appropriators. Reservation of water Is empowered by the Commerce Clause, Art. I, ~ 8, which permits regulation of navigable streams, and the Property Clause, Art. IV, S 3, whIch permits federat regulation of federal lands. The doctrine applies to Indian reservations and other federat en- claves, encompassing water rights In navI- gable and non-navigable streams.20/ Reserved water rights are most often created ~y~llcatJ~~_Cather than byEil(liress.:r:.esArvat 10n-;--TlfeTiU:.ellLJn reserve water "I s J n f erred J f ~he-P~ous una r rlat~ater Is necessary to accomplish the pur- ~oses ~c which the I~nrl rAservAtlon Is created," b!cause he cour s have reasoned that---1he Federa I Governmpn+ "'....,,! oj on: reserve I an'd'S for ~lLec If Ic purposes un I ess..J:La.l.soJ tended to reser e "Mnnropr laTed water necess.su:y tn f'uITITI-"'flfose purposes. CaoDaer v. UnIted States, su at 139; see United States v. New Mexico, supra, at 701-02, However, "[wJhere -;;ater 1 s on I y_v,aJuab I e ror a secOri'da'ry use of the reservet I on . --: . ther~_arlsesthe contrary Inference that Congress Intended. . . that the United States would acquire waTer In Tne same manner as any other eubl Ic or private appropriator." United States v. New Mexico, supr:a_a:t 699-7()O. llTu'57'"ttlere Is 'l.n Important d I st 1 nCT Ion between the GPurpQse~bf a ! c:nc reservatTon and seconder Y SUDS 1 d I cry management -apart from thEireservatlon purpose(s ; I.e., only the ormer 0 'water rlghts-b~fh~t of reserving the fand for particular purposes. This distinction Is further explored In part III B, Infra. The measure of the federal reserved water right Is that quantIty of water needed to accomp! Ish the purposes of the reservation and no more. Cappaert v. United States, ~, at 9 and II. The priority date of the federal reserved water right for purposes of determinIng seniority of water rights relative to those obtained under state or federal law Is the date of the federal reservation or withdrawal action Initiated toward a reservatton, A reserved water right may be created by an act of Congress (UnIted States v. New Mexico, supra), a Presidential Proclamation (Caooaert v. United States, suor~), an executive order (Arizona v. California, 373 U,S., suora),-a-trcaty (Winters v. UnIted States, suora), a Secretarial land order (Arizona v. California, suora), or other departmental action ultImately creating a reservarlon (united States v. Walker River IrrlClatlon Dlst., 104 F .2d 334 (9th Clr. 1939) l. 20/ Caopaert v. United States, suora, at 138. . , ..:.:_;