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FOOTNOTES 1. The issue of groundwafer property righfs must be distinguished from the issue of how exercise of those rights might be limited by regulation. Property rights, the subject of this study, determine the subject of regula- tion as well as the constitutional limits of permissible regulation. Other aspects of Nebraska groundwater law have been extensively treated in a series of articles printed in the Nebraska Law Review. See generally Aiken, Nebraska Groundwater Law and Administration, 59 Neb. L Rev. 917 (1980); Harnsberger, Oeltjen, and Fischer,Groundwater: From Windmillsto Comprehensive Public Management, 52 Neb. L Rev. 179 (1979); Harnsberger, Nebraska Groundwater Problems, 42 Neb. L. Rev. 721 (1963). 124 Neb. 802, 248 NW. 304 (1933). 208 Neb. 703, 305 NW.2d 614, rev'd, 50 U.S.LW. 5115 (U.S. July 2, 1982). 124 Neb. 804, 248 NW. 304 (1933). 153 Eng. Rep. 1223 (Ex. 1843). 43 N.H. 569 (1862). See, e.g., Forbell v. City of New York, 164 N.Y. 522, 58 N.E. 644 (1900). Dicta is language in a court's opinion that is not necessary to reach a decision in the case. A central principle of American jur- isprudence is that courts refrain from eciding legal issues until faced with a case or controversy that fairly raises the issue. Consequently, dicta, not being required to resolve a case or controversy, carries no precedential value. In other words, future courts are not bound by language that can be fairly characterized as dicta. 124 Neb. at 811, 248 N.W. at 308. Nuisance suits are generally decided by weighing the gravity of the harm against the utility of an actor's conduct. See generally RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS Ij 831 (1979). 140 Neb. 179, 299 NW. 549 (1941). Id. at 182-83,299 NW. at 551. In other words, a landowner has some property rights in underlying supplies of groundwater that exist apart from actual capture of the water. 179 Neb. 783. 140 NW.2d 626 (1966). 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11 12 13. 14. 1-8 15. NEB. REV. STAT. Ij Ij 46-638 to 46-650 (Reissue 1978 & Cum. Supp. 1980) (currently cited as the Municipal and Rural Domestic Groundwater Transfers Permit Act - see id. Ij 46-650 (Cum. Supp. 1980)). 16. See NEB. REV. STAT. Ij 46-635 (Reissue 1978). 179 Neb. at 800-01, 140 NW.2d at 637 (1966). 18. 181 Neb. 213,147 NW.2d 784 (1967). 19. See NEB. REV. STAT. Ij 46-613 (Reissue 1978). 181 Neb. at 229, 147 NW.2d at 795 (McCown and Boslaugh, dissenting). 21. 200 Neb. 1, 261 NW.2d 766 (1978). 22. Id. at 6, 261 NW.2d at 769. 23. Id. at 10,261 NW.2d at 771. 24. See RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS Ij 858 (1979). 208 Neb. 703, 305 NW.2d 614, rev'd 50 U.S.LW. 5115 (U.S. July 2, 1982). 26. See NEB. REV. STAT.1j 46-613.01 (Reissue 1978). 27. 208 Neb. at 706, 305 NW.2d at 617. 28. Id. at 707, 305 NW.2d at 617. 29. Id. at 708, 305 NW.2d at 618. 30. Id. at 710, 305 NW.2d at 619. 31. 179 Neb. at 801,140 NW.2d at 637. 32. 208 Neb at 707, 708, 305 NW.2d at 618. 33. Legislative Bill 375, 87th Nebraska Legis- lature, 2nd Session (1982), Ij 1. NEB. REV. STAT., Ij 46-609 and Ij 46-651 (Supp. 1981). 35. NEB. REV. STAT., Ijlj 46-656 to 46-674, (Reissue 1978, Cum. Supp., 1980, Supp., 1981). Legislative Bill 375, 87th Nebraska Legis- lature, 2nd Session (1982). 37. NEB. REV. STAT., Ij 46-659 as amended by LB 375, supra, note 36. NEB. REV. STAT., Ij 46-661 (Reissue 1978). NEB. REV. STAT.1j 46-666(1 Hc) as amended by Ij 19, LB 375,supra, note 36 and Ij 11, LB 375, supra, note 36. 40. NEB. REV. STAT., Ij 46-666(6), as amended by LB 375, supra, note 36. 41. NEB. REV. STAT., Ijlj 46-675 to 46-690 (Supp., 1981). 42. The Legislature has imposed limits on run- off. See NEB. REV. STAT. Ij 46-664(1) (Reissue 1978). 17. 20. 25. 34. 36. 38. 39.