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<br />8
<br />
<br />DEOI5IONS PERTINENT TO PROPOSED WATER RIGHTS Ac:r
<br />
<br />f 211. Slnt.c rcg-uluLion of pilot."!,
<br />
<br />Villi! further pro\'i~il)1l i~ m~rlc hy COlll!'rCS~, nil pilots in the bnY~1 inlets,
<br />river,.;, harhor", nlld porl~ of tile United HtaLcH sh~1I COllLilluC to be reg:uJ!1tcd in
<br />cUlllorlllit~. wi\.h the exi,.;ti\lg laws of tlw St:\tc~ reS pee Lively wherein ~;uch pjjot~
<br />nuy he, or wit.h such lu.\\":i as the f:it....'\t0:i may rc:,;pcctivcly enact for the purpose
<br />(IL ~" i 4~:J,;,)
<br />
<br />Indeed, " Juter sedion states:
<br />
<br />'212. Pilot!' on boundaries between Sl.'l.tcs.
<br />
<br />The 1n:l:"tL'f of :lIlY \"l~o.;:-;e\ cOllli!ll-!; into or goill,:! Ollt of nny port situate upon
<br />waters \\ hkiL arc t.he bUlllld:lry bet,\\'(:l'll 1.,\\'0 St:It.~.;; may elllpluy lI.ny pilot duly
<br />liCl'Il..;cn \1r :lIll.hnri1.cd h\" LlLe \:L\\'~ of cit.lu'r of Ill(: SLat.e:; bounded Oil sHch wntcr3
<br />to pilot the \'c,.;~d to or"fwlll ...\Ich Jlort (R. H., ~ 4~31)). '
<br />
<br />The In,\\' \\':15 ('hallellged in the court~ in conjunct.ion wit,h the apl-Ili-
<br />
<br />cation of fl.!:l.\\" of thC:--:'t,lltC ofPcllllsylv1llli:l. 011 the ground thllt, while
<br />
<br />this ell-rl.\' Congress could ndopt exist-in;.: hl\'.'S of t.he SLnt,es, it could
<br />
<br />not provide for the ,'pplientioll of SI.llt.e lnws ndoptcd in Ihe fllture,
<br />
<br />PCllnsyl\'unin hnd p:lssed the challL'Iq;ed State Inw in 180;j and the
<br />
<br />UnitNl ~t,ntcs Supreme Court. held it was clearly u. regulation of com-
<br />
<br />merce. Bllt, it nlso held that this power vulidly continue.! in the
<br />
<br />States under t.he originnl 17S0 net or Congress, in the u.bscnce of
<br />
<br />Im-I.her ,lircet regnbtioll by Congress, Accordingly the State regulu-
<br />
<br />tions, indudiug tl1e contest.eLl pilotage fee and its designation for the
<br />
<br />use of the soeiet.y for the relief of dist.ressed nnd disabled pilots, their
<br />
<br />widows and children (p, 313), were sustnined. Suid the Court:
<br />
<br />If the law of Penllsylv:\nia, now in qucstion, had been in exist.ence at the
<br />dllte of this aet of Con~rc5:';, we mi!!:ht hold it to have been adopted by Congress,
<br />and t.hus made a Inw of the United States, and so valid. Bccause this :\ct does,
<br />in effcct, give the force of :111 act of Congrc:-;::; to the then-existing St.ate In.ws on
<br />this subject, so long: as they should eontillue uurepcalcd by the State which
<br />enacted them.
<br />But the law on which these actions are founded was not enacted till ]803.
<br />What effect then ean be at.tributed to so much of the net of 1789 as declnres that
<br />pilot.s shall continue to be rcgulated in ('.onformity "with such laws as the States
<br />may ce~pectivel)' hereafter enact for thc purpose, until further legislative provision
<br />sha1l be made by COJlf:ress"?
<br />If the State::; w(:rc di\"c,ned of the power to lcgbbtc on thi::; :"uhjeet by the I;rnnt
<br />of the COllll\1erci~11 po,,'cr to COllg:re;;:,>, it i-; pl:\in t.hi:,; act could llOt. confer upon
<br />them power t.!tus to le~i.-:lale. If t.he COll~\.itution ex1cuucd the. St.~lte:,; from
<br />mnldng any In.w regnlalill,[!; commerce, ccrt:1.inly CUIlp;rcs5 cannot rc~rallt, or in
<br />any m:lllller rcconvey to the Stn.tc~ that lJO\\cr. And yet. this ad of 17sn gi\'es
<br />it~ ~llllrtinn anI)'. to Inw~ enactcd by the ~t:lteS. Thi.... necc..;~:\rj[y implic.... n. con-
<br />stillltion:\1 power to ](lJ!i"lnll~; for ollly fl. rlll(~ cr('nlert hy thc ~on:l'eigll power of n.
<br />Ht:lk adinl-!: in it...; Ir~l-!:i..;hti,.c r:\ll:u'i!.y, call he dl~elll,'d 11. 1.1.\\., l~n:\cted by ll. SLate;
<br />nnd if tIll: Sl:tl(~ h~l~ .":0 lillliti:d it-; s(J\"(~fI.il-!;ll JlO\\"I~r l.h;lt it Ill' l.llll-!:l:r e;\ll~llCl:'i \.0 :'I.
<br />p:lr:ielllar"llhjl'(~I, Jl\:Ltlik....Uy it CHlIllot" ill :\lIY proper St;Il~e, h(~ :-;nid t.o (~l\;l.(:t laws
<br />thl'reoll. Jo:nkrwillillg tlll~."'(~ \'iew:-: wc an' IlCOlll-!:lrt. tliret~Uv find IlIlHvoidablv to
<br />the cOll!-;idl'r:l.l.ioll of the que:,.tion, whctllcr th~ grn.lIt of thc- commcrdal power to
<br />CO!l~ress, did per ~e cleprive the :-;t.:1.te~ of nil power to regulatc pilot.s, This ques-
<br />tion has ncver becn rtecirtecl by this cOllrt, !lor, in Ollr judp;mcnt, has any case
<br />depending Ilpon all the ("on~iderntions which must go\.ern thi~ one, corne before
<br />this couct. The grant. of rommercial pow('r to Conp:resg docs not contain any
<br />tcrms which co:-..prc.,,;:,ly exclude t.ILo :-:(,atc'i (rom ex(~rcisil\p: an uuthority o\'er its
<br />subject mat.ter. If they :Ire excluded it. m\l~L be bec:\ll~c the n:"lture of the power,
<br />thus granted to COllg-rNs, requirc.,; that fL ~illlilar authority ..;hould not exist in -the
<br />titales. If it were COllci~ded all the OIlC ~idc, that the Ilature of this power,'like
<br />that to legislate for the Di...;t.dct of Columhia, is absolutely and totally r~pllgnR.nt
<br />to t.he exic;tcnce of !limill\.r power in the State,;, probably no one would deny that
<br />the grant of the power to Congre,s, a..;; effectually ami perfectly exclude.~ the StateB
<br />from aU future lcgblation on the subje.ct, as if express words had been used to
<br />exclude t.heln. And on the other hand, if it were .c.dmitted that the existence of
<br />thb power in Congre5s, like the power of taxation, is compatible with the existence
<br />
<br />DECISIONS PERTINENT TO PROPOSED WATER RIGH'ffi Ac:r
<br />
<br />9
<br />
<br />.,
<br />
<br />of n ~illli!ar power in the St/\.tc" then it w Ict b ' "
<br />tClllporn.ry e.'\,)()...it.ion of tll" C'O"~'I'("t" ,(10'11 .e III ,conforml!.)' wIth t.he ('011-
<br />, 1 " ." ' . 0 I 'C( l'r'lh..;t i"o :l.I) ct' 1 I ' I'
<br />CJa ~nll...:tr~ICI,i(1I1, !~iVell from time to titlle h t t1;.~ ," . '7' HI,I Wit 1 t '.e JIH 1-
<br />~otl~](lcruLIOIl, 10 hold t.IHlt the llIere f.{rn. ) f .1~'lcourt, ~fl(~r tll{; Il\O~t d{'IJI.)(~l..lte
<br />Imply a prohibit.ion Oil the St.nte..: to c~el:~i~' ~;IC 1 fl. PO\\i~r, to (,,()llg~C.;> dId II"t
<br />mere exi:-;{.('Ilre of .-:ucll fl. !Jowcr bllt iu' ., c.. IC ~alll,c po\\er; t. l!.lt It 1':'; /lot Ihe
<br />cornpntibl(~ with the cxerci..;e df t'w ;:,'.-; excrcl:-.c bYh COIlgTe7s, \\.IlJ(.h may be in4
<br />~btt~S Ill:\.)' It'gi.-:ln.te ill t.he :\.'bscnce I . nme ,r~)w~r y tlll~, ,stntf':', awl that t.he
<br />1Ili>hil'ld, -1 \\'ile:LL. H13' Moore v Ilof 7IlgrS'\\,C;:I.Li reglllll.~lon~ ('::::lllr(lI':,~ v. CrOl;'n-
<br />Co. 2 Pet('r:-; 2.')1).' . OilS on, cat.. I; n /l,~on v. Bladb/rd Creek
<br />
<br />Th~ di\'cr-:iLie;; 11f opinion thefe(ore \\'1' ,I 1, ., I .
<br />a.ri>;cll from t,he dirrC'~ellt vi(:~\':-; t:1.k 'll o'f (,HL I l:1.\e e.'\I"t.cc on tl1I3 "'llhjert, hn\'l"
<br />mlt\ln~ of a p()\\"I~r lik~ 't.hi:-; i~;'!'pol~el~of wi 1: l.ltl~ll~e.(;f :.111:-; I'o\\"('r. But. whell the
<br />r(:qllir.~" 1.h:\.t it. ~hollld be P-'\crci.-;crt l:~el\l~~~~C]J\,I~/i~C t, l~~t.,~~IC.llal,urc (If t~w power
<br />to rdt:r tu LIIC s'lhJ.,'ct-; ilf tint I"~"~"~ 1 l - Y ollJ.!;rc".", It 1lI11:"t Le llltclld(~d
<br />. . '.., , , t;r fill( 0 snr the\- .I!'C of -n 'I
<br />rcqlllre cxr.llhl\"l': j\~,"ish Lion h\" C)ll f.' ,. 1'\ . I' . ' '" l 1 a Il:\t.ure :1'0 to
<br />em.l)r:1.C(~5 <\ v:~:-;L fi(~~i ~ont~Lit;jnA" Indf~~'i., I, O\~'lt Ie I~(!:\"{~r ~o re~llIa~e COllllllCI"Ce
<br />'Illite urrlike ill {.hi'ir Il:1.t""c, '0"'" ,'" ,} '.lUll} Hit eXLccchngly V:lflO\l:-; ~llbjcrt6
<br />. . ,.,.... I per'l(lvel,. oelllfLlldill r n. . I 'f
<br />op('r:ltillA' eqtl:J.11 Y Oil the comtncr.e of thO U .'. I " . ;, . ~lIIg C IIlIl orlll rille,
<br />likr. thc slIhjcet ilow ill qlle:..;tioll, .~s ilJl )e~ut,i~.I],l~.( ~lt:.,ti""; ~II every p,?rt; :l.llrl SOll1e.-
<br />alone can Ill/'ct tht; 10c:\I""l'I'-:".'('.'" ofl" . "I!) t1cm.llldlll,Q that dl\'l~r:.;:lt\. which
<br />E' ' '...,...' '...., :l.\'II.{a ]011 .
<br />'Ither nb"nluielv to nl!irlll or (!..)llV th" 1.
<br />ex~lll....;ive legi.-In.tioil by Con~r~"'s i~ to-II'" ..~ ~ ~c 'fla~I,rc or thi:- pO\\.I~r r.cquircs
<br />thIs power" n.l~d to f\!'SerL COIl~'('T1;ing all ~t.\f ~ 1 V.l ~ u..Il!lttl{C of th? ....llhJ~t't'i of
<br />a pan. \\ Il!lLcvcr :-;llbjed.:; o( lllls~IJO\\cr a l~t:l, ~\Il~t]~ Cl~;\ Iy np.pll(;:lll]e but to
<br />only of one lI11ifoClll :;y~tClll, or )lau of . ~...re !l.l lelr.II:'lt.tl~C 11:1.110WI.!, or adrnit
<br />~\leh a natllre n.o; to reql.lice exclll~i\"e ICJ/~~l.]I:1.t1fn, l~l,l.) Jll:-.tly be :;::11<1 to be of
<br />be allirmcd of law~ foc tbc re;'I.'lr~tion of 'I".;,' ,IOn ).\\. ~IOllgrc..:;:". Th:lt this canllot
<br />] 78D ,. ....,)J Q :., nile pI otfL<Ye i'" ph in TI f
<br />COil 'liJ1S [l. cle:lr :llld :lut.hortifLti\"e I, I. .' b.''''' . ,.'. Ie [let 0
<br />the llat lire of t.hi..: .'iubjl~ct i~ ,:,;uch th:1.t I.lI~L~~ C/;J l~on,. ~ Lhe I, :r.5t ~ollgrc..;::", tll.:lt
<br />exert it..; po\\'(:r it "lionln. be Icf,'LO 'II I" I-,o~lt'rc:-;~ :-.hol.lld find It. nece."'3HT\' to
<br />\ .'" ,Ie Cgl:< :ltlOn of Llln ~tO( c, tl t' . I'
<br />all( not, n~ltlU!l:tl: Lh:1.t it i..; likcly to be Lll' h.' .', " ., .... e"" 1!\. 1t IS ocal
<br />Of plan of r{'~lll[ltiollS hut hy a~ 11Iflll\' u,I.;U e~t p.rO\l~lt;d f.or, 110t. by onc .'i\"St02111,
<br />~t:1..tc...; ::;hol.llo dcem ai)piic~hle to the 'loc'~l 1~~de~I,-.~;;L.:t.lv,e (fil:;c1 retioll of t.he .~e\"erai
<br />lUllltS. e IllUntlC;:, 0 t le ports within t.heir
<br />
<br />Vi.cwed in thi." lic:ht., so milch of t.his t f] 7 ~D ' .
<br />contllll\<.' to be rC~IJlll.tcd "1.)\' .;'l\ch law:,; l~~ 0,.. S }l:-i ~c.cla~c.'i. tl~ftt pllot.s shrll]
<br />enaet for th:J.t. purpu,;e " illste:1.u of bc. 19 h ,r~e ::;~~'l.t~"' mu) r.e~peetl\"ely hcrc!lfter
<br />confer on the: St.MI~~ a' )f)\\.cr to I. .-: II c, t-? )e InOI~er:ltl.\"e, ~5 all.llttempt to
<br />th<lm, is ~llo\\'ef! nn a~pro ri'~te IC~:'J Ir~~~, of \\ hlCh .~h('. Con~tltl.l.tlOn h:ld depri\.cd
<br />
<br />ulld.cr...,t:~ndinf-.'; or COl.lgrc::~s, ~t the ol;~e~~r?l~tGt :1<:>lllficatlOn. It Illallif{':"t.s the
<br />subJcct 13 nvt ';\It'h a~ to c("'(plire it:'> " I ,.c rC.~llnl.cnt., th~t the 1l11ture of this
<br />S.tate:", and of the I\'ar.ional Ciovcrnn; exc ~!:-;l\C cl?bl~tIOIl. .11~c p;:lctit'c of the
<br />tlOn, fc~m the origin of the NntiollI1ICC\?a.s beelllll co':for;l11ty Wltll thi-: dcdar:1.-
<br />the l'l1bJc~t when CX:1.milled, i:,> :-H1ch n~Otoe]I~~~?~lt to tillS tll.ne; 31\d the.ll:l.tllre of
<br />find prnpflc:t.\', not Lo '.'J' tl," 01"01 t . e 110 doubt (If lhfl ';IlIJI;r!ur fitn('.;"
<br />I . ,.., ".. ... II e necc ....ltv f d.lf ','
<br />(rn.wn frum llle:!1 knuwledge alli! cx le " ~~ .,0 I t'rcnt :o;y;;lt:llI.S of reg-l.I.l:1tiOI~, "'
<br />then C;l.ll we SHy, l.h:l.t by thc mere' ~:1..~1.C lce, nl.ld eUIJfoill\0d t.o ]oe:l.! wnllt.~. How
<br />arc dcprived uf all Lhe jlOwcr to II'~i;I.~t of PO\\ ~.r _t.o r.egl.lhlte comlllerce, the States
<br />of thl~ pO\\"l:r tile ]/,,'i-:hl if II uf (;~ - . te on thl:-> :-'l.IbJcet, hCt;<\II:-;e from the Ilatllre
<br />n' I ".-. . J .Oll~J'U';:-i lllll"t hc exdll". '1'1'
<br />BlIlrlll L 1:1t. Lhe Ilatlll"e of Ll" I' '. '.: ' . ,"1\ l~. 1\') would he to
<br />t \ I L o\\(~r l., J11 all\" ('"l-:t: ")J 'tl' I" IT
<br />n:l .lIre 0 [. Ie :-;llhjc(~t I n which, in "'Hcll (':1"'1' ( ...', '. I 11(., Illig (] l~rl~llt frolll I.he
<br />of ~he powC'r llcc(;,<;;arily dell\.lwd:-; ill 1I1i ": ~~? p:I~\U ,~.\t.ell(l.~,nll~l that thc lIatllce
<br />wIllIe th(~ natllre of nile o( thc sub'.' (Icu. \.:,." c.\:('hl~l\.\.: !t:~I..,JrltlUIJ I)y COllgrc...,"
<br />exclu:=-ive legi,;l:ltioll but nHl.~. bJcc,ts 0 t l:l.t PdO\\CC, not only doc.'> not require sllch
<br />enacted by the St..'lte'l in c~liforl~li~~,:,;t pro\'1 cd. for by Ill~tny difTercllt systems
<br />thcir limits. III COllst.~llinp; all in,-tnil With th~ Clrculllst:1.llces of the ports .within
<br />me.nt, ~lld ill deterJ~illillg the ex~ell.t no~ll~~cslf:e~l.ror the formation of a govern-
<br />legislate, we C:lll make no ~l.I.ch distinction b et ~ ]t\hmport:1.llt gC:\lIt~ of powcr to
<br />nntucc of the subject on which that O. e \\ ~en e nature of the power nnd thc
<br />com?idcc the ,[!;Tant more extensive b~ a~er ~n" Inftchnded practicfl.lIy. to opcrate, nor
<br />BubJe.ct now ill <lllestion. rnung 0 t e power, what 1.5 not true of its
<br />
<br />It 13 the opinion of a m~jor;ty of th C
<br />t~e pO\\"er to reglllate cornme;ce did C ourt ~h:\t the mere gra.nt to Con~re.sf:l of
<br />pilot" and th{~t ll.lthou h Con";e!':s h not d~prlve the St~tes of powcr to rC~IlI:l.te
<br />manifest,!': an intent.ion gWith a ~in. 1e as leg:I~l:i.ted on tillS subject, its lel.!i'llil.tion
<br />to lea.vC' its rcg:1.l1ution to thE' scvera~ Ste~~~PtlOTn, not to re~ulate this sllbje~t, but
<br />. a (;:-.. . 0 these precIse questions, .....hieh are
<br />
<br />20267-M_8
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