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<br />24162
<br />
<br />d. Enhancement of possibilities for
<br />visual enjoyment and aesthetic appeal of
<br />natural setUngS and scenic landscapes.
<br />Conversely. adverse effects wlli be re-
<br />:fleeted as departures from established air
<br />qua.llty standards, including related dam-
<br />ages, as a result of a plan,
<br />3. Land qualitv_ Where erosion is prev-
<br />alent or spreading-largely because of
<br />inadequate land use planning and man-
<br />agement-it, among other things, .seri-
<br />ously detracts from the general use,
<br />appreclatlon, and enjoyment of terres-
<br />trial and aquatic environments.
<br />As encompassed by the environmental
<br />obJective," Boll is valued as a basic na.- .
<br />ttonal resource rather than for its more
<br />traditl.onal role 88 a primarY production
<br />factor contributing to inceases in na-
<br />:tlon81 output. .
<br />Bene:flcIBl erosion control effects Im-
<br />proving the visual attractiveness of Ule
<br />natural landscape lnclude:
<br />R. Reductions in sediment on beaches
<br />and public recreation areas;
<br />b. Reductions in turbIdity and sedi-
<br />ment pollution of water in rivers.
<br />streams. and lakes;
<br />c. Restoration of cull banks from
<br />rlrlp mines and other eroded sites;
<br />d Bank _billzatlon on nullnUne and,
<br />fiiecandary roads:
<br />Conversely, adverse effects will reftect
<br />any increases in sedimentation. be.nk
<br />.sloughing, or other kinds of erosion re-
<br />swUng from a plan.
<br />D, Beneficial etre0t8 resul tIDg from
<br />the preservation of. freedom of choice
<br />to future resource users by actions that
<br />m:1n1m1ze or avoid irreversible or irre-
<br />.tr1evable effects or, conversely, the ad-
<br />verse effects resulting from failure to
<br />take such actions.
<br />WbUe the previous discussion and out-
<br />line of effects of the various components
<br />h:8s been organized essem tally in terms
<br />of programs or actions affecting environ-
<br />mental conditions, it may also be useful
<br />to view environmental effects of a plan
<br />In broad oategwles emphazlng the
<br />pfA'inrnina.nt considemtions of ee.ch,
<br />whether aestlletic, ecological, or cultural.
<br />FOllowing such a classiftcation, aesthetic
<br />vaJues in the environment generally en~
<br />compass lakes. est.uaries, beaches, shores,
<br />open md green space, wild and scenic
<br />rivers, wllderness areas, and other areas
<br />of natural beauty; ecological values in
<br />the environment generally embrace the
<br />physical. quality of water. air, and land
<br />(erosion). biological resources, and inter-
<br />related ecologloal systems: and cultural
<br />values in the env1ronment are genera.lly
<br />accommodated by historical, archeolog-
<br />ical. and geological resources. As this
<br />system of classificatlon is not mutually
<br />exclusive, however, it is possible for mul-
<br />tiple publiC values to be refiected within
<br />each of the components.
<br />
<br />E. BENEFICIAL ANtI ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THB
<br />REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE
<br />Through its effects-both beneficial
<br />and adverse--on a region's income, em-
<br />ployment, population, economic base, en-
<br />vironment, social development, and other
<br />components of the regional development
<br />objective, a plan may exert a significant
<br />
<br />NOTICES'
<br />
<br />influence on the course and direction ot
<br />regiona.l development.
<br />Given its broad and varied nature, the
<br />regional development objective embraces
<br />several types of goals and related classes
<br />ot beneficial effects. These. are (a) in-
<br />creased .regional income; (b) increased
<br />regional employment; (c) population
<br />diStribution; (d) diversification of the
<br />regional econom1c base; (e) enhance-
<br />ment of educational, cultural, and recre-
<br />ational opportunities; (0 enhancement
<br />ot environmental conditions of spec1al
<br />regional concern; and (g) other specified
<br />components of the regional development
<br />objective. Because of this varlab1lity, sev~
<br />eral approaches or methodologies are re-
<br />quired for the measurement of effects on
<br />the regional development objective.
<br />As a first step, the beneficial e1l'ects
<br />for achieving the regional development
<br />objective should be set forth in terms of
<br />the spec11led components of the objective
<br />affected by the plan. Where beneficial
<br />e:lfects of accomplishing national eco...
<br />nomic development and environmental
<br />quality obJectives are synonymous with
<br />spec1fled components of the regional de-
<br />velopment objective, these beneficial ef-
<br />fects to the regional development objec-
<br />tive will be measured and evaluated in a
<br />. ma.nner consistent with that established
<br />for the national objectives. However,
<br />care must be exercised to Include only
<br />that portion of the national beneficial
<br />effects that actually accrne with1n the
<br />region of concern.
<br />The evaluation of various components
<br />of the regional development objective
<br />and related classes of beneficIal and ad-
<br />verse e:lfects is discussed below.
<br />1. Regional income-a. BeneftcfaZ.eJ-
<br />tects. The objective to increase regional
<br />income is attained to the extent that
<br />water resource investment. together with
<br />other complementary investments, - in-
<br />creases output and provides additional
<br />regional income flows than would other-
<br />wise occur in the ab6ence of the plan.
<br />Increases in regional output and related
<br />Income are evaluated in a maner paral-
<br />lellng computation of net income to the
<br />various purposes--water supply. power,
<br />etc.-dlscussed nnder the national eco-
<br />nomic development objective. However.
<br />in evaluating these and other elements of
<br />the regional development objective, a dls-
<br />tinction should be made between identi-
<br />fYing and measuring benefits to specified
<br />components of the regional development
<br />objective of the designated reg:lon and
<br />other regional impacts w'h1ch may oc-
<br />cur incidentally. Where the regional de-
<br />velopment objective relates to increases
<br />in regional income. four classes of bene-
<br />flclal effects occur. These are: .
<br />(1) The value of increased output of
<br />goods and services from a plan to the
<br />users residing in the region under
<br />consideration;
<br />(2) The value of output to users resid-
<br />ing in the region under consideration
<br />resulting from external economies;
<br />(3) The value of output In the region
<br />under consideration resul ting tram the
<br />use of resources otherwise unemployed
<br />or underemployed; and
<br />
<br />(4) Additional net income accruing
<br />to the region under coI18ideration from
<br />the construction or implementaUon of
<br />a plan and from other economic activi-
<br />ties induced by operations of a plan. .
<br />. b. Adverse effects. The. adverse effects
<br />of a plan upon a particular region in-
<br />clude the adverse effects on a region's
<br />income; employment: population dis-
<br />tribution; economic base; educational.
<br />cultural, and recreational opportunities;
<br />environmental qual1ty; or other compo-
<br />nent.s of the regional development obJec-
<br />tive.
<br />Where t.he regional development ob-
<br />Jec~ive relates to regiona.l. Income, the
<br />regtonal adverse effects include:
<br />(I) The value of resources contributed
<br />from within the region under considera-
<br />tion to achieve the output:.s of a plan.
<br />(2) Payment through taxes, asse&5~
<br />ments, or reimbursement by the .region
<br />under consideration for resources con~
<br />trlbuted to the plan from outside the
<br />region;
<br />(3) Losses in output resulting from ex-
<br />ternal diseconomies to users residing In
<br />the region under col18ideratlon;
<br />(4) Loss of assistance payments from
<br />sources outside the region to otherwise
<br />unemployed or underemployed resources
<br />and displaced resources residing In the
<br />region under consideration;
<br />(5) Losses In output in the region
<br />Wlder consideration resulting from
<br />resources dJsplaced and subsequently
<br />Wlcmployed; .and
<br />. (6) Loss of net Income in the region
<br />under consideration from other econom.1c
<br />activities displaced by construction or
<br />operation of a plan.
<br />c. Re(Jional incidence ot national eco-
<br />nomic development. Measurement of the .
<br />beneficial and adverse effects of national
<br />economic development follows the same
<br />methods ouUlned under Band C above
<br />and Is a matter of detenn.1n1ng the. geo-
<br />graphic incidence of such beneficial and
<br />adverse e1feets in the regions under con-
<br />sideration and the rest of the Nation.
<br />Special measurement technlques are
<br />needed for effects from - use of unem-
<br />ployed resources and IClaltlon effects.
<br />d. Measurement 01 output from use of
<br />unemployed or underemployed resources.
<br />Increased output resulting from the utl-
<br />llzatton of resources that would be un-
<br />employed or tmderemployed in the ab-
<br />sence ot the plan is a third category of
<br />regional development beneficial effeCts.
<br />BeneficIal effects from the utilization
<br />of rmemployed or rmderemployed re-
<br />sources may occur as a result of the plan
<br />through employment In constrnction and
<br />operation by direct users of the output of
<br />the plan or by firms that are economi-
<br />cally related to the direct user.
<br />Where the planning region has unem-
<br />ployed or underemployed resources and
<br />it can be shown that these resources will
<br />in r.act be employed or more effecttvely
<br />employed as a result of the plan, the net
<br />additional payments to the unemployed
<br />or underemployed resources should be
<br />measured as a beneficial effect.
<br />An important concept in identifying
<br />the presence of unemployed resource uti-
<br />lization benefits is the presumption that
<br />
<br />FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL. 36, NO. 24S-TUESDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1971
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