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<br />arrangements. technical services, land,
<br />easements, rights-or-way, and water
<br />rights; initial and deferred construction:
<br />capital outlays to relocate facilities or to
<br />prevent or mtUgate damages; transfers
<br />of installation costs from other projects;
<br />and all other expencUtures for investIgat-
<br />Ing, surveying, planning, deslgntng, and
<br />.lnstalling a plan after its authorization.
<br />Operation, maintenance, and replace-
<br />ment costs are the market values of goods
<br />and services needed to operate an in:.
<br />stalled plan. and to make repairs and
<br />replacements necessary to maintaJn the
<br />physJcal features in sound. operating
<br />condition during their economic life.
<br />b. Decreases 'in output Tesulting Irom
<br />external dLseconomies.~ While external
<br />diseconomies are dillicuIt to meesure and
<br />the eff..... are incidental to the proJ ect.
<br />they are nevertheless recognized adverse
<br />effeots,
<br />Induced costs are all slgnlJlcan,t ad-
<br />verse effects caused by the co:n..structJon
<br />and oP<'!'lition of a plan expreesed In
<br />terms of market priC06 and whether or
<br />not compen.sa.t1on is involved.. compen-
<br />sation for some induced costs 1.s neither
<br />requlred nor PD6Slble, Indured oootll in-
<br />clude esttmated net increases in the cost
<br />of government services direct1y resulting
<br />from the project and net adverse effects
<br />on the economy, such as increased. trans-
<br />portation costs,
<br />D. BENEFICIAL AND ADVERSE EFi'ECTS ON THE
<br />ENVIRONMENTAL OBJECTIVE
<br />:A. water and land use plan may have
<br />a variety of effects-beneficial and ad-
<br />verse--on the environmental objective.
<br />While effects on the environmental 0b-
<br />Jective are characterized by the1r narl-
<br />market. n<mmon.eta.ry na.ture. they pr0-
<br />vide Important evidence for judging the
<br />value of propooed plans,
<br />Environmental quality beneficial, ef-
<br />fects are ccmtrtbuttons resuIUng from the
<br />management, preserva.t1on, or restoration
<br />. of one or more of the. envtroomental
<br />chara.cter1sties of an area under study
<br />or elsewhere in the Na.tion. Such contrl-
<br />butioIlB generally enhance tihe QuaJity of
<br />ille,
<br />Adverse environmental efl'ects--gen-
<br />orally the obverse of beneficial environ-
<br />mental effeots-.a.re consequences at the
<br />proposed plan that result in the deterio-
<br />ration at relevant envlronmentaJ char-
<br />acteristics of an a.rea. under study or
<br />elsewhere in the Nation, for example,
<br />SCree of open and green space, wUder-
<br />ness areas, &'tuaries, or wildlife habitat
<br />inundated or altered, or ot lands ex-
<br />periencing tilcrcased erooloIL Such ad.
<br />verse effects generally detract tram or
<br />diminish the quallty of llfe,
<br />Often, however, &II envirorunentaltm-
<br />pact of a plan cannot be easily labeled
<br />as belng beneficial or adverse, since that
<br />decision will vary with the :perceptions
<br />of the ind1v1duaJ. concerned. In any case,
<br />the effect. Itself sh<YUld be quantified and
<br />displayed for P11l'POSeS of decis!onmaklng,
<br />1. MeasU-Tement standards. Whether
<br />subJectively perceived or objectively
<br />measured, the criteria used to describe or
<br />evaluate the beneficial or adverse effects
<br />
<br />NOTICES
<br />
<br />of a plan will vB.iI'Y--oonsdstent with the.
<br />relevant components of the environ-
<br />mental objective under cons1deration. To
<br />the extent possible, however, beneJlclal
<br />or adverse effects will be 'displayed In
<br />terms of relevant physical and ecological
<br />criteria or dirnens10IlB. inclUding the ap-
<br />propriate qualitative dimensions. For ex-
<br />ample, where the effects of a plan will be
<br />visiblY evident, quantitative, and qua.llta.-
<br />tive descriptions may be made in terms
<br />of established or accepted water and land
<br />classl.fication or ecologica.l criteria and
<br />related measllre3.
<br />Where sJgnjtl:cant physjcaJ e1fects are
<br />less easily perceived, it may be neceSBail"Y
<br />to determine their extent through instru-
<br />mentation or symptomo.ticaJlY by the
<br />presence or absence ot commonly ex-
<br />pected characteristics. & an example.
<br />eutrophication of fresh water lakes ex-
<br />emplifies a less easily perceived proc.e6B
<br />that Is reflected symptomatically, a.nd
<br />which is subject to m....urement by in-
<br />strumentation with statistical analysis of
<br />data ,collected. over time. Therefore, its
<br />rate o! change is measured by reference
<br />to previous dates or periods, with pro-
<br />Jected rates of f1Iture change based on
<br />probability analysis. As exDI1cit an ao-
<br />C01.U1t as posstble of these effects and sup-
<br />porting analySIs should be provided.
<br />Notwithstanding the physical 'or eco-
<br />.logical criteria. terms a.vaila.ble, certain
<br />environmental effects can be presented. .
<br />most effectively by reference to their
<br />qualitative d1n1ensiana: For insta.nce, It
<br />may be necessary to use this approach
<br />to show the importance of a reduction in
<br />use or avaUablllty for use of areas or
<br />natural beauty, llirCheologlcal, or histori-
<br />cal significance. ConsequenUy. the analy-
<br />sis sh<YUld be suPported by an appropri-
<br />ate descrtptive-quallta.tive interpretation
<br />and evaluation of the effects at the pla.n
<br />on the relevant components of the en-
<br />V'ironmentaJ. objective.
<br />2. With and without analysis. Existing
<br />enwonmental canditJons will be de-
<br />scribed and presented In terms that best
<br />characterize the p1annlng perceptions
<br />and. ecology or the affroted &.rea as con-
<br />ditions would exist without any plan,
<br />8ImIlar descriptions will be preplUl'ed for
<br />the time sequence of the conditions to be
<br />expected with and without the plan
<br />throughout the periOd of analysis, The
<br />conditions before planning is initiated
<br />will provide the data from which to
<br />evaJuate environmental eflec.ts--or pre-
<br />diction of change-under aJternattve pro-
<br />I>Osals, including the ooI1Sequence of fail-
<br />ure to adopt a. plan tar deVelopment and.
<br />use of resources in the area. under study.
<br />ltl should be clear that envtronmentaJ.
<br />conditions will not remain sta.t1c but win.
<br />in tact. tend to change over time regard-
<br />less of whether a plan is adopted.
<br />3. Limitations. It is not presently Pos-
<br />sible to anticipate or identify, much less
<br />measure. aJI environmental e1fects or
<br />change. Nor a.re there in exIstence eval-
<br />uation standards that. permit full and
<br />dilrect quantitative compa,rtsons and
<br />ranking of the conditions of Identifiable
<br />environmental effects tha.t rntght be ex-
<br />:oected. to result from a plan. Consequent-
<br />ly, reasoned Judgments by multld1sclpll-
<br />
<br />.24159
<br />
<br />nary teo.ms will be reqUIred In many
<br />situations. When this is necessary, a
<br />fra.nk expression or the state of knowl-
<br />edge and the llmitatlons thereof, as well
<br />as the Ilmitations of the analysis In each
<br />instance, is essential.
<br />4. Classes 01 environmental effects.
<br />Enviromnental effects of, plans toward
<br />.the complex at conditions encompassed
<br />by the envirownen:teJ objective are best
<br />understood and their significance inter-
<br />preted by evaluating ~em as separable
<br />components of the overall objeCtive.
<br />WhUe these are stated. in tenns of bene-
<br />ficial effects, adverSt! ell'ects should be
<br />read as the converse or each statement.
<br />Beneflcial effects (and adverse efl'ects)
<br />of plans as re1arted. to componenrts of the
<br />enviromnentaJ. objective are cla.ssifie<l
<br />and evaluated. relevant to:
<br />A. Beneflcial effects resUltJng from the
<br />protection, enhancement, or creation ot
<br />opeIi and green space, wUd and scenic
<br />rivers. lakes, beaches. shores, m01mtain
<br />and wilderness areas, estuaries. or other
<br />areas of natural beau.ty.
<br />With regard to these kinds of re-
<br />sources, beneflclaJ effects on this com..
<br />ponent ot the environmental objective
<br />are evaluated on the basis of darta such
<br />as follows. though these are not all in-
<br />clusive:
<br />1. Open and green space. These are
<br />essentiallY Wldeveloped, Visually attrac..
<br />tive natural areas strarteg1ca.lly loca.ted
<br />where moot needed to ameli01'lllte in-
<br />tensifying urbanization _bomB,
<br />a. Size and measure:
<br />(ll Total acreege (woods, fields,
<br />meadcnws, etc.) :
<br />(2) Pattern and d1strn>utlon;
<br />(3) JuxtaposlUon to community and
<br />urban' areM (effect on urban sprawl) .
<br />b. A. desc1iptive-qualitat1ve in.terpre-
<br />mUon. inclUding an evalllaltJ.on of the
<br />eflects of a plan on the designated or
<br />a.ffected open and green space.
<br />c. Improvements: (1) Access1biIity
<br />(mJleage 01 public roads or tmUa pro-
<br />vided; easements);
<br />(2) Public amenities (provision' for
<br />ltmlted facWtles, If ..ny) ;
<br />(3) Other (lSpec1!yor describe).
<br />d. Protection and preservation:
<br />(I) Physical (fire, bioenvironmental,
<br />ate.> ;
<br />(2) Legal (ded1cBitlon, easements, In.
<br />stitutlonal, ate.>;
<br />(3) Special,
<br />2. Wild and scenic rivers. These are
<br />free~ftow1ng streams, with shorelines or-
<br />watershed. essentially or largely Wldevel..
<br />oped, which possess aulstandingly re-
<br />markable scenic. recreational. geological,
<br />fish and wildlife, historic, cultural, a.nd
<br />other features.
<br />a. SiZe and measure, including char.
<br />acterization 9f adjacent primitive or near
<br />. natura.! setting; .
<br />(I) Total mileage;
<br />(2) White wa.ter mileage;
<br />(3) Water quallty;
<br />(4) Cha.racter aIIld extent or acreage
<br />of streamside land;
<br />(5) Jux_tlon to community.
<br />b, A descrtptive-qualltative Interpre-
<br />ta.tion, including. an evaIuBJtion cjf tlhe
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<br />No. 245-pt. II--3
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<br />FEDERAL REGISTER, VOl. 36, NO. 24S-TUESDAY, DECEMBER 21, 1971
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