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I I <::> II (-, -' N W "'-I I N I I' I I I I I I I I I I I I I for private wells in the area. Wells range in depth from less than 100 to 400 feet. Recharge is direct through soil and limestone bed- rock, as well as through sinkholes and losing stretches of streambeds. The "deep" aquifer is separated from the shallow aquifer by a layer of silts and shales which retard the downward movement of water and acts as thp. u~ppr r0~fi~i~g l~y~r tG the d~~p aquif~L. The deep aquifer is OVer 1000 feet thick and consists mainly of dolomites. In only a few places is this deep squifer exposed at the surface. Water recharging the deep aquifer must either pass first through the shallow aquifer, then slowly through the confin- ,ing layer of silts and clays by lateral movement in the deep aquifer. The quality 09 the groundwater and surface water in the area is generally good. Springfield utilizes stream impoundments and a spring in the Sac River Basin for most of its domestic supply. Municipal wells, owned by the City of Springfield, and industrial wells in and adjacent to Springfield have maximum depths of 1400 feet. Yields in excess of 1000 g.p.m. with no more than 100 feet of drawdown are common. Table 8 shows water use in the area. Industries, municipalities, public-water-supply districts, subdivisions, and rcral homes in the Springfield area are all dependent in some measure upon water from wells Or springs. Missouri uses the Riparian Rights, modified by reasonable use and natural flow as the basis for ground and surface water administration. To protect shallow and deep groundwater forma- tions, the stste requires wells to be cased. Private (residential) wells are to be cased to a depth of'at least 80 feet with schedule 40 plastic pipe, 6", 13 Ib./ft. steel casing, or equivalent. Rock wells producing over 30 g.p.m. must be constructed to stated stan- dards which includes the use of 19# per foot steel pipe or equiva- lent casing installed to a depth determined for each well by the Division of Geology and Land Survey, Department of Natural Resources. The casing must be pressure grouted through total length. State law requires water supply facility plsns and designs be approved by the Department of Natural Resources before con- struction. Application of Public Law 92-500, the Federal Water Quality Act Amendment of 1972, and the Missouri Clean Water Law of 1972, seek to reduce, if not eliminate, effluent discharges which cause water to be less than suitable for swimming and fish habitat. 88