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~ ;, ~', ' "physical anc\ chemical. characteristics of the geologic formation ~her.. brine is to be stored. . (~ ' ..;.. N ..;.. W There is SOme consideration of aupply1ng brines to industries such as oil shal.. if they would wsnt it orcou1c1 use it. Milliken et a1. (1979) discuss the l..galancl inst1tutio.nal factors associated with transf..rsof saline "Water to energy related users. In acldition, there ;Lssom.. attention being given to alt"rTll'tives such as piping the brines to natur8.l.ealt &inks such as Sevier Laka in Utah. .. Evaporation Ponds-- Thl> area r..quired for evaJ)oration ponds c1..pends on the total brine flow and natursl precipitation and the rata of evaporation. For ..xemple, if the average annual evaporation rat.. for Paradox Valley or G1enwooclSp!~ng~ was about one met..r, th..n th.. evaporation rate w9u1c1 average 3.2 x 10 . in /s/he of poncl surface and an inflo"W rate of 0.06 m / swoulcl require a 190 hectare pond. AcIc1itional evaporation area capacity is r..quired because the evapora- tion rates ar.. d..press..d with inoreasing concsntration (Crow, 19&0; USDI-USDA. 1977). These ponds shoulcl also inclUde storages for seasonal variations in evaporation since th...:tnf10w from a d..sa1ination plan or brine well field would be const..nt.Th.. us..ful life of the. pond c1ep..ncls on the salt ancl sedij ment d..positio.n on the bottom. The density of rock ealt is about 2.1S gm/ cm and asa;t loecling of 163,000 Mgm/yr 'into a pond wouldeonsume a 'minimum of 75,000 m 30f capacity each year, and 236,000 Mgm/yr would annually deposit 104,000 m of salt. The life of the ponclscould beextendecl indefinitely if the salt hlldany marketabll> value ancl "Woulcl be periodioal1y removecl. : ' ',.,', " .' . . .' Watersaver, Inc. (1980) :Lndioateclmater:\.al. costs for .. 36mi1exposecl 2 reinforeecl Hypalon-type liner. not including"earthwork, to be about $4.74/m Or $47,360/ha. Laying and sealing costs coulcl be estil1lQted.on labor require- m..nts of 150~200 man-hours/ha ..t $15.00/man-hour'"Which r..su1ts in labor costs of $2230 to $2975/ha. II If the Hypalon-type liner Were to be covered by ..arth, at: leas t another $72001he might: be expected. A30""1l\il PVC liner could not be exposed and "Woulcl hav.. . to have an earthen covering, and total installecl coats would ):>e about $38.500/ha, ho"Wever, PVC ~oulcl probably not b.. aa durable as Hypalon-type liners. For purposes of this r..port, a cons~rvative value of $54,600/ha for . inst$,11ation and a total:l.nstalledcost of $102,OOOlha waause/l.'rh" USDI, WPRS (1980a) .inclicat..d that total costs inclucling earthwork could approach '. ..,$.~,.4ep",oOOlhe.. Th.e USD1" WPRS.(1979} ,estimated that: 247 ha of evaporation ponds, 6.1 m dup "With a 20 mil PVC bUTiecl liner co..ts about$178.650/hafor the La Verkin Spring Project (OctOber, .1978pric..s).Inflsting this cost to January, .1980., ueing .th.. Engineering News Record,lluilclingCost Ind..x (tm., 1980) factor of 1.10, the unit coatswoulcl be about $197,OOO/ha. , D....p Well Inj..ction-- De..p well injection as a method of brine disposal offers several environ- mental benefits. The primary advantag" is that very little terrestrial sur- face are.. is required since the brines are injectecl into subsurfac.. geologic fontStions. Th.. t..chnology of deep "Well injection is fairly ~el1 developecl and has seen wicls use in the p..tToleum industry ~here oil field brines have 66 . . "':' . 'j.,.', .,.,." .