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<br />. <br /> <br />of water rights. The water rights have arisen in a number of ways, <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />depending on the time period and jurisdiction involved. 30 <br /> <br />~ <br />o <br />00 <br />w <br /> <br />The typical allocation scheme for irrigated agriculture within the <br /> <br />Federal projects involves two levels of contracts, plus the perfection <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />of the water right by actual appropriation and beneficial use. The United <br /> <br />States enters into a contract with an irrigation or water conservancy <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />district, wherein the former agrees to deliver water and the latter agrees <br /> <br />to assume the burden of capital repayment, as well as operation and main- <br /> <br />tenance costs. 31 The district then contracts with the water user who <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />acquires a water right by putting the water to beneficial use in accordance <br /> <br />with state law. 32 <br /> <br />Industrial users increasingly are contracting directly with the <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Bureau of Reclamation for water, while concurrently applying for water <br /> <br />use permits with the appropriate state water agency. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Whatever the. source of the water right, or the sequence followed <br /> <br />in establishing it, the related consumptive use is credited against the <br /> <br />entitlement of the Basin State where the use occurs. 33 . <br /> <br />Past Legal Patterns of Water Quality Control. Until the mid- <br /> <br />1960 '2 the Federal laws affecting water quality in the Colorado River <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />System consisted of the l899 Refuse Act and the Federal Water Pollution <br /> <br />Control Act of 1948, which contained broad but largely ineffectual pro- <br /> <br />cedures for protecting water quality in interstate and navigable waters. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Enforcement was spotty and unsystematic. <br /> <br />8 <br /> <br />. <br />