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strengthened by virtue of what is really a reservation on a reserva- tion. , L. Rights-of-way for water developments, power lines, oil and gas pipelines, and so forth, affect only a small percentage of the area through whic/1 they pass. The same is true of roadways. Never- theless, areas of supply and demand are separated, in many instances in the West, by rugged high mountain areas. It is through such areas that rights-of-way must be obtained if we are to have communication anp the transmission of water, power and fuels. In spite of the small percentage of the areas of wilderness required for such rights-of-way, thefy would be precluded, for all practical purposes, by S. 1123. True, the President of the United States could grant exceptions. Those of you who are familiar with dealings with the Federal Government, I am sure, well recognize the complications that would be involved in ever obtaining such a Presidential exception. It strikes me that the President has better things to do than to be called upon to decide whether Joe Doaks really needs a right-of-way to bring irriGation water to his farm. If such rights-of-way are more important, then the maintenance of pure wilderness areas, 100% unaffected by any right-of-way, provision should be made in the legislation to insure the granting of such rights-of-way. They would be virtually preclud- ed by S. 1123. Next, let us take up the issues involved in Section 2. Under the policy declaration of Section 1, any lands which have so far re- tained their primitive character under Federal administration are "sanctioned" for inclusion in the Wilderness System in order to ob- tain an adequate system of wilderness. Under Section 2, specific provision is made under which inclusion of parts of various types of federally-owned lands may be brought about. These include, under Section (e), other public lands, and lands bequeathed or conveyed to the United States for wilderness purposes. I think there can be no reasonable argument that lands bequeathed to the United States for wilderness purposes cannot be received as such and utilized as such. One of the basic incidents of ownership is the right to use one's lands, or provide for its non-use, as one sees fit. However, there is a real issue in connection with all "other public lands". This covers a lot of ground. In some of our states in the West, more than 50% of the lands are in Federal ownership. Much of this land is undeveloped because the Western United States developed somewhat later than the Eastern part of the United States. Hence, it has retained its primitive char- acter. The issue, then, under the existing legislation, is whether or not development of all undeveloped lands owned by the Federal Govern- 15