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<br />A5121
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<br />CONGRESSIONAL RECORD-APPEKDIX
<br />
<br />1\ OYE:'-IBER 7
<br />
<br />whenwa:lsdeo:la.red,I"hat!on>1tllall'l\"'..!are
<br />take?
<br />Amc'ng the weapon~ llvallable in II. society
<br />built upur. the profitmollve. there \.5 Ihllt ot
<br />e<;tlOOlllIC action: ret'-'sal to pll lronlZe. p\oke~_
<br />s. In'll, OOj'cc,tt. Could not a dl'!smed minority
<br />r..luse to buy or advenlu In a FubllCJIt!on
<br />gl.lIlIY f;l! attacks whIch fo:low the daw;lc!l1
<br />l>allern Of Ml'ln Kaml,t? Could not Jcwuh
<br />org..n!;...Uons Mk all dl'tf'nt Am..r1C11na to
<br />~nrl"N' them In th,,:r ft"'ton' Or ,.hollld
<br />they brlT~g " aUlt for libel am! try to get
<br />ntl5fnC~I"n t"".w;;11 tl1ecouru?
<br />'I'he anSWer l!--aClXlrdlllll to "'''''I may b..,
<br />rl..",nboo fUlle;:31 tal:tlclI-that they cannOI
<br />aaf~ly dnar-yot these thlnltl. Legal dyr.fim_
<br />lell. new trenda. or 1'1rllW>i In the Wind. may
<br />polnt In the other dlre<:~lon. But the onno.
<br />dox "111"-' on the b:)C"""5<'!..m5 tob" w,,;ghted
<br />1l!:lllfl.t 'hem. To b~lt!n with. tn the <".". Of
<br />th~ law th~ Jr'l'.-s do net cx:~t a~ a group.
<br />TIley may be murdered all a group. but tbl"Y
<br />!nay not cornplatn about It as a grO\lp, They
<br />can be de-tam"d U a slnl.!lter gathl'rln~ ot
<br />the Eld"r~ ot Zion. Or ot ritual murd"r"f1l,
<br />but th..rel~noerrectlveremedy RIlaln5! their
<br />d<'f!l.matlon a.o a group. The harm done to
<br />f'll.rh ot th..m may be far !lrt.t"r than what he
<br />~oUld su!\'er trom perllonal detllmlHlon. But
<br />n..lther all a group nor as lndlvldu"lll are
<br />J"eIt'8entlll..d to a.ok that th..lrddBm"rprO\'1'
<br />hi. "",prtlon. or bl' brBlldl'tl. llb..ter.
<br />Thl. !.'I no ne..ldent. It l! In ke..plng With
<br />th.. blUlI.. ch,nncter Of modern law whlch_
<br />after h""lng bt>en p..rme.ted by Rennnlfunce
<br />Individualism_hall become a lnw 01 r..l:l.-
<br />tlno.'J among Indl\.lduab and lost 1\-8 !~lll:lg
<br />tor C<lUecllve rIghts or group rcspons:bllltt....
<br />Thill atlltude. v,hlch 1.1 baud on the recog_
<br />nition ot the valu.. of human personality.
<br />hao made for mtlrh prngrtPlfl In human r..la_
<br />tlons. But In It. bllrdn.."" to group r..le.Uon8
<br />It falb to C<ln~orm wlth r.....ll1y. Th.. "OIJl1!e
<br />otourlndlvldualll,esoH..n drpend~moreon
<br />the fate of the group to which <\"e belong_
<br />tamUy. union. dSSll. or ra.._than on ollr c....n
<br />IndiVidual m..rlts. E:ven It the trlalll ot war
<br />crlminalt did not aband~n the the<1ry ot In_
<br />dividual gull!. esplatlon by th.. Germans.
<br />that 10, losa ot pOlitical Or economic lnde-
<br />penden<<-. had. by Its natUre. l<l be collpc_
<br />tlve. When tt'sponalbllltJes ..re clearly col_
<br />ll"Ctlve.sucll Uln !he Cllae ota Jynchll,g. 4t-
<br />tempts to aHocaU' lndlv:dual guilt lead in_
<br />evitably to a br.....k-.down of jUstlce.
<br />Ot cOllrse. an Indl\.ldu...l m...v atop reading.
<br />or ad....rtl~Ulg In, the New.. But It a group
<br />decld€dnottopatronlzethatpa~r.andtrl.-.:l
<br />to Indl1ceothcra tado lltewl'l", the Rh06Ul ot
<br />criminal complrll.cy. comblnatJona In re-
<br />straint or secondary OO}'cott ,,'ould be ral""d
<br />aplnat them. Thll 10 what pntll.lyzea C<ll-
<br />lectlve actlon and reduc... ll. l1umb..r ot or_
<br />ganizauona to the devlee-welcome to some
<br />Imd odiouo to otherll---{)t writing leHenl to the
<br />f'dltor Or to the slttlng'down-st_!Unch_wlIh_
<br />th.._oolon..l tl"Chnlque.
<br />Tolllyth~ghOBlavlslonandcourllgel.re
<br />n..eded At the coat of IItt' and Umbo Amer-
<br />Ican labor haa laid the ghrn;ts 01 con~plra..y
<br />and boycott. and Invigorating curr..nt3 hate
<br />per.t>ttDted the Amcrlcan poUlIcal atmOll_
<br />phere. Thate who ate terpon.lble tor the
<br />honot and llv..l1hood ot t1le thr..alentd
<br />mlnor1tles mU$! p..nuad.. thl! popular. polltl_
<br />eal. and Il'(al opiniOn ot the COUlltry that
<br />people singled out tor all:.ck ll3 a group hllve
<br />th~ right to derend themsel..... aa a group.
<br />Thls prlnc:ple bas led. In Industrial rela_
<br />tior.o, to C"Olll'Ct!v.. barg~lnlng. and hu pro-
<br />Vide<! . dden... against COn!plracy chargeo.
<br />The Mrne prlnelpll' can l~ad to "GUlll1~. !m_
<br />portant reslllts In tbe !lorld Of ethnIc r..:a_
<br />tlons. For IlUltanCl!. the en:"rc.ern..nt ot
<br />Jlntidlsn1mlnatlon 1:1<\.. .~ould !lOt he l..ft to
<br />lndl..ldI111l111ltlatl\"e on!i', but mlnOII!y Dr_
<br />ganlz.'1t!ona ohoUld be glHn thl! pO....er.
<br />analrgouo to that er.l:Jye('J br the UnI01>O
<br />'Undcr the NallonP.\ Latror Relatlot:s ,-\et. to
<br />ele challies of Untll:r prarllc......
<br />Ot.:.r pn'''''nl problem. howcHr. <1(;C5 not re_
<br />Q'-Iltl'ICt>lsla.:l.,eUHHVelJtlc,n. CQI:eetinb::r.
<br />
<br />galnlngw.u;granted :olll.bctbyHatute. But
<br />lUl sl'COn<l b.'ule right-to picket llnd b"y_
<br />~tt~Wn.!l wen bj' ..ffeCtln,; a chanFe or
<br />Judicial attltude. This chanRe hllll remo:>ved
<br />Jabor plckl'tlng from th.. Inferno c,f crlmln:l.1
<br />oonsfllTDCj, or thl' purgatory at dlaorder;,.
<br />cOllduCt, to the constitutIonally prote<:ted
<br />sphere ct freedOm ,,' s~ech. alld hao put
<br />h.oor'! rIght to picket and bo~'eoH ~~.ond
<br />therl'achelunrl'as.onablj.testrletlvem\lnlcl_
<br />f-"1 ry'dlnpll"es. S'.ate ~latule!. Or cO"lOle!_
<br />al(lllalenaClmcllt:!!.
<br />This cban..::.. In Judicial llttltude It'as not
<br />the r..oult of the dl~C(l"ery ot a ne'" lellal
<br />1U'lf\lment. As In ilil bMlc constltUtlonl,1
<br />18oues. the operath"e torr..o W"re ..thlcsl or
<br />pqlltlcal rather than Il-rlctly lrg,,1. It ",as
<br />lhe r"ct:.gllltlcn ot Ihe mor:;.\ Rnd polltical
<br />Imponlnce Of the eConoPli.. 1~1t"ll that lahor
<br />WlI-J prc~"nt!r.e to the ....,:.m:,.... To ...'1., th~~,
<br />IheplckdscrbOy..otltrs'"Ju,t'spc;k"'.waonvt
<br />ennul:h to p!T0td them CG"-"Iitutlonal p"o-
<br />I"Ctlon. Fr..edom of sp..ech dces not me..n
<br />fre"dom l-O aay whate\'er One pleasea. A
<br />Ilumbt>r or torts" m~ellleallOf1l. felonlu. and
<br />enn capital t;!\'ens"" can bt> commlttf'd
<br />through spe""h alone.
<br />Suppllers ot a commodllj. tor InstAnce,
<br />could notpl..ket I cu.tomer's "tore Or other_
<br />WIN' dlscoUtBlle the publlc from patronl1:;ng
<br />him beeau." he tdus..d to paj the suppllef1l
<br />a fair price. Bm suppUeTII ot labor h"ve the
<br />right to picket the ato", ot an p.mployer who
<br />relus..a to pay talr wagea. In llH3. Tn"s
<br />declared thatsollc1tst!on ot union m..mb..t_
<br />shtp. Ilk.. the sollcltatlt", of Insurance. would
<br />b.. subject to prIer llc..nslnj{ hy th" Stat...
<br />80me m..mb"f1l ot thl! SUJlr~me Court af1\l"d
<br />that unIons ,"'ere buslneu Orltllnlzatlons and
<br />that th.. State could subJ""t lhem to re-
<br />at~alnta slml1u to th05t' usually Impo"..d
<br />upon <"<'ollomlc ItrtlvlU"". Hut a mll}orlty
<br />h..ld that the ~t..tute w..... UnN'TUltltUtlon..1.
<br />Th" rl!aaon tor this d..clslon H"I In th.. recal(_
<br />nltlOllottlleg..nerlll"alueottheld<'81sfor
<br />which labor fights, ot th.. lteneral public In-
<br />tH,,>;t In the problem that It raloe... tn t!:ll'
<br />lle<'d tor the c1t1l'".enshlp 10 be Intorm"d about
<br />lh..controverayalldthcopP(Jfllnga'1nlmenUl.
<br />The polltlcaJ /lnd lhe aodal vatue ot thl' ..1m
<br />PUtoU"'" make th.. me of the ooj'cott weapon
<br />lrgal.
<br />Do ractal and religious tenSions have a
<br />public Imponanc.. stmllar to that recognized
<br />III Imlus:rlal lenslons? DC'<'& the putlllc
<br />need to b.. enllght"Il"d about th.. rnrlou.
<br />"-"pl'l'ta ot raCial or rellghlu-lIuntalrn..u. such
<br />M InCitemellt to hatred or eoeluslon horn
<br />..mploym..nt llnd "du..atlonal opportunIU..a?
<br />ls not il talr letUem..nt ef nhnlc relaUona
<br />lIS Important for the general "'eUnre of the
<br />countn. as th.. fair s..tU..m..nt or IndUstrial
<br />relations? It lSD. then the rlFht to flpp.-al
<br />to pubU" 10Udarlly must be upheld ~v..n If
<br />Ihe "!Jr,,"1 resl11fl In an lndh'ldual r..lusal
<br />10 patronl~" or In a ma58 boycott, Thorn.
<br />hill '.. Alalm1tl(l "''''' concernf'd wlth laoor
<br />p\~ketlng only. nUt th" language ('of tll..
<br />Court'. nplnlon BMertf'd "th~ ll~rn; to dis-
<br />cuS! publlC\y and lruthfl:lIy aU m;.ttera or
<br />puhllc conCem without pr"vlous rrstralnt
<br />or f..ar ot suba<"quf'nt punlshm..nt"
<br />HO"'Her. th.. recognlllon of th.. rlRht of
<br />mlnorlli!"fl 10 contront the American people
<br />...ith th.. problem of raclal Justice cannot
<br />COrne from a royal Krantor a RrllclouaJUdlcl"l
<br />dEcree. .>\""erlloo must pr....,l'(j" recognltlOn.
<br />Llkl' eHTj cth.., boundary. th.. Jlne betWe<i':l
<br />la,,'ful and '-Ir.lawrul ac~ ia shaped by the
<br />torc~ licUve on both sld..a of the line. The
<br />bOllnctuy bet"'....,, Incitement to boycott and
<br />th.. advccacy ot scelal SRnCUons 8f;alnst \"Jo.
<br />lators Cot r1ecenc; 10 \'Hlou'ly drawn by lWCl..ty
<br />arod ll.ll judges in various cI,<;umslanceo. And
<br />th~ rl'!lUlt dc~nd.. to all o\'erwhelmlng eX_
<br />lent. 011 the "'3Y In whldt the ~.ctlon Is c(".n-
<br />c..l',~j an:l !tIt by the actors lbem.....!..es.
<br />In tlleo,y. It a man has a right. he posse!st'S
<br />l~ whe:h... cr not he \$ tlWllre ot It. In po-
<br />lltl!:"al reRllty. howe"",. a':\--nr"l,eu illld as_
<br />s<'t~lon of r!"hU can b..~rn;e Ihe cond\tim:
<br />e their n.1stence. S<<re:'i' (>.nd (!e"tOl1aneSB
<br />
<br />lire lncompll.111111' with at.8liTtlon, J.n act
<br />whi"hlsamanlr""lllli'motinal!e;Jahlefr..e_
<br />dorn it Fer:Oltll~d 10 a ml'.l'Jne' consl~te'"t
<br />WHh the dignity 01 a !reemAn. n:a:.' bE'COme
<br />unlawlul It }J<'rtCtnud ~ur,~pUt\,'uoly. Coo-
<br />ceal"'" Indllcerr:~nt! to &dnrtls<,fS or sub-
<br />&crlb..ra to cancel theIr cootraclS Is "eC:OndaTY
<br />boycott. Anop..n sppe:::t to lhec!JIl-!'Clrnceot
<br />advertu:ers, sUQacnber", and the publlc at
<br />lllrge. 1s cXHclse 01 tre<,dom 01 ~pe~c". An:!
<br />t~.a is :\S it ~ol,lLl tE. A p.:b:iC "....c.,.; "t":,,s
<br />th'i.' ISllur. rec1:"~ the Il.ccu~atl,;n. afford. an
<br />opportunity to r~:ule rllctllll.l fRlllehoods and
<br />lot;l~al h.llacje~ or O~P<><<I an .pped to r..a_
<br />Ion against an ..."peal toemc.l!on, It trarl~_
<br />f<lun.. a blUre con~plra"y c<,nd..mntd by th..
<br />la.... 111to a trial by pUbllcvpln:on protectf'd
<br />b,theChutero! :re<.dom.
<br />Th.. aw;"'er to hatre<:l and oppreaolon I.'
<br />:'otmccccdlllt~.",r:.."1S1"l1c,, "':<:'h",u, ....:I_
<br />heatled prf'tiiaure. One.. al'lniu thr history (>1
<br />labor affords a lell/;on---del:mte r.lus pre>i1!ure.
<br />legISlation plus pickdlcg. lndlvldual prott.c-
<br />!lon plus "roup ""tlon orr..r the only ChllIl~e
<br />of aUC:(:t'M. Nor I" the ld~al ~alul' ot the
<br />at.ru!lgl..lmpalredb.l'theln;ectlonofaneco_
<br />nomic motlt. On the contrnry. a con:munlty
<br />hal themornl duty to f.e<" to 11 thll.t. like any
<br />oth"r crlm,,'. racial "!lgr<"Slllon dol'S not pay.
<br />Notth,ntlletMk Is "".y. Haclal..o;plolta_
<br />Ilon. dlscrimlnlltlon. llnd d..:amlltlon JIll\'''
<br />long been good bUllne.... and tnelr economIC
<br />hastlon la beyond tile rel,ch of minOrity
<br />anipers. Only public support c:tn ht'lp thcm.
<br />But the recogoillon cf their right to ap~lll
<br />fur such support ..annet Coml' ....lthoUt an
<br />uphill tight. A.sst'rllen. we .ald. must p:e-
<br />cede r"~nltlon. But r~nltlon doea not
<br />always 10110.... lL-""ertton, alld almOllt l1e"er
<br />does!;O nt Once. H the mlnorltlea Want to
<br />conquer the right to wll....!!ve artlon th..y
<br />mw;tbf'r..adyfcrllnllnclalandphl-""lcalaac4
<br />titlCe'. and for set.backs l'.nd detelll1l. No
<br />chal'.ge can be IIcc(lmpltshed with a prevIous
<br />1Ic..n.... nnd 110 ren,lutlon. howevcr peac..lUI,
<br />with a dl'C:llmlory j\ldgment ('Ib,aln"d In
<br />ad\'allC".
<br />On the other 11:\l1d. ~hoTt-rang.. de!eata are
<br />oftt'n IOJng-rang.. ,Ictorle-ll. The defellt of R
<br />tlght..ous cau... 1'1 . COUrt Often bet'<lme.. an
<br />Impt'llJng at6t:mcnt tor legl.ll\ti\'~ or ..OCllll
<br />chani/:e and result.. In a political victory. Nor
<br />can It bf' ...o;pecled that the courts ,,111 deCide
<br />Ihla I...u... w!thout the U'Ull! dilltlnctton...
<br />The ad\'ocacy of a bOYC<lt! ot sn employer
<br />gUllt,' ot r~clal or religious dlacrlmlnatlon
<br />may tall not onty Within lh~ definItion ot a
<br />labor dbplll" for th~ purpose.. of th.. NOfrls_
<br />Lll.OU:nclla Anti-InJunCtion Act. tor aho
<br />within the SC"". ot freedom Of speeCh. On
<br />th~ oth"r hand. It Is C<lnCel\.llblt' that plcki!t4
<br />Ing and boycott mllY be Outla"'''d II!< an an-
<br />non to d...tamallon. It could bs that thl!
<br />only COlUltltUtiOllal restrll:nt on the detllm4
<br />crs' COn5tltut!onal trll'e'dcm to ltd\.OCale re.
<br />Ugkuo hatred-and the Ne"'~ 1n an t'dltorlltl
<br />t.... clalm.d th'll right tor O.Dolln"U_1o not
<br />the trc..dom ct Ihe def(!m~d to adVocate a
<br />borcott ot the (leramen. but an actlon tor
<br />!ltlel Thill., hO""..""r. should f~~us lIttentlon
<br />C'n "he fal1lJrect our law to pro','lde the Vlc-
<br />Urn. Of group defnmatlon with all adequall!
<br />detenst' against Ilb..l lInd lud to II. JudiCIal
<br />or leg\$latl\'e re\.""O-IIl 01 the pr~valllng policy
<br />agaln..t group l1belac:tlo!'.s.
<br />All this Ill. wl1hln Iheru.lmorpollt:caland
<br />judicial probabilitl.... HO'H;-er. elle tbll1g 1$
<br />certain. the cllan~ea or succ...s ClIIl110t reatly
<br />be detennlnl'd In ad\"ancl! ot actlen. TO '\\'In
<br />or to 10s<, may be a qu""Uon ot lUCk" nUt
<br />the !:am.. mllst he plal,ed sceord!ng to rUles.
<br />And the rules ct the ~ame no'\\' call ter nel.
<br />ther apclo~..tlc I"opagltoda nOr ec:cTlom,c
<br />F-u"rrJlJa wart",... WhlCh th.. lCO'"'llt klllt
<br />AmerJ..a!l mlnOfltles c:c\lld not al!o,.d. any_
<br />way. Th.. TIll... ot tn.. gar. ~ and d"cent re.
<br />.pect tor .~m~llc:nn cplnlen call to(lay tOt Jln
<br />op.-n declllrnt!cn or el:OT;Cmlc ""Br all:l\Inst
<br />rilclalllggr.....io:1 ar.d 'C'r.. full ~lnt..m;nt. 01
<br />r<!asons to te ,ubmlt:-d,ln eilch IlldJndual
<br />cue.:o DUblJccDlIllCIl.
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