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<br />002825 <br /> <br />for a vegetative method to take over. This approach is especially useful on <br />slides or debris flows with historically long intervals of recurrence. <br /> <br />The various types of physical mitigation methods are listed below. <br /> <br />Physical Mitigation Measures for Slides and Slumps <br /> <br />1. Drainage <br />a. Surface drainage <br />1) ditches <br />2) regrading <br />3) surface sealing <br />b. Subsurface drainage <br />1) horizontal drains <br />2) trench drains/interceptor. cut-off drains/counterfort <br />3) vertical drains/wells <br />4) drainage galleries or tunnels <br />5) blanket drains <br />6) electro-osmosis <br />7) blasting <br />8) subsurface barriers <br />2. Excavation or regrading of the slope <br />a. Total removal of slide mass <br />b. Regrading of the slope <br />c. Excavation to unload the upper part of the slide <br />d. Excavation and replacement of the toe <br />3. Restraining structures <br />a. Retaining walls <br />b. Piles <br />c. Buttresses and counterweight fills <br />d. Tie rods and anchors <br />e. Shear keys <br />f. Anchors/rock bolts/dowels <br />4. Vegetation <br />5. Soil hardening <br />a. Chemical treatment <br />b. Freezing <br />c. Thermal treatment <br />d. Grouting <br /> <br />- 40 - <br />