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appearance and have kept the house completely dry when there was water two feet deep all around it. Further details of the Stanley House are considered in Chapter V, on "Programs of Flood Proofing." In designing new structures, or in altering existing ones, thought should be given to the use of receding flood shields (Figure 14) which are normally hidden from view, but can be easily lowered or slid into place upon the receipt of a flood warning. Such shields also escape the danger of being misplaced. When flood shields must be mounted on the street side of an opening, the brackets to which they would be bolted can be concealed with easily removed aluminum strips or "skins." Figure 15 shows a department store entrance that has been modernized and flood proofed at the same time. (The installation required for mounting the shield is in- distinguishable from the building trim.) While flood proofing measures must be functionally able to protect against a selected flood condition, such measures need not detract from the appearance of the structures. When the Pittsburgh Press Building was flood proofed, as an aftermath of the 1936 flood, the alterations transformed the outer appearance of the building. The large plate glass windows were replaced with many small windows of "unbreakable" glass that were em- bedded in reinforced frames. However, a recent face lifting of the building has made the flood proofing measures much less evident. Figure 16 shows how the initial flood proof- ing looked and how its appearance was subsequently altered. Internal Flood Proofing Measures Owners of buildings which are subject to flood but cannot be easily altered to keep the water out, can consider the use of water resistant construction materials to reduce flood damage. Even owners of flood proofed structures generally able to withstand flood- ing would also be well advised to consider the use of such materials to reduce losses when flooding exceeds the protection level. The property owner and his architect can substantially reduce the potential flood damage to a building through the careful selection 01 water resistant materials. Many such materials are priced in the same range with the more vulnerable materials, but may be worth considering even when their use would mean higher material costs. Examples are exterior grade plywoods and tempered hard boards in lieu of ordinary construction grade plywood and hard board. These materials can be utilized at a reason- able additional cost and under some conditions substantially reduce water damage. Also, in flood plains a waterproof plaster on galvanized wire lath could prove to be a more pru- dent long-term investment than gypsum board products which would have to be replaced after a flood. Metal windows, doors and door jambs which would not deform or warp when soaked may also be economical for buildings in flood plains. In structures subject to flooding, all adhesives used to fasten floor tiles, wall panels and ceiling tiles, should be waterproof so that lhe adhesive will not fail when wet. Car~ peting should be used which can be cleaned without any appreciable damage or evidence of mildew after inundation. Wall and floor surfaces should be finished in a manner permit- ting cleaning or hosing after a flood with a minimum of damage and deterioration. 21