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<br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br /> <br />Lesson 2 <br /> <br />Basic Hydraulics - Participant Workbook <br /> <br />2.8. APPLICATION OF BASIC HYDRAULICS IN CULVERT DESIGN <br /> <br />APPLICATION OF BASIC <br />HYDRAULICS <br /> <br />TAILWATER INFLUENCE <br /> <br />. UNDERLIES CULVERT NOMOGRAPH <br />AND COMPUTER PROGRAMS <br /> <br />. CULVERT HEADWATER <br />. CULVERT OUTLET VELOCITY <br /> <br />. BASIS FOR TAILWATER ANALYSIS <br /> <br />2.20 Application of Basic Hydraulics <br /> <br />2.21 Tailwater Influence <br /> <br />The application of basic hydraulic concepts and equations, as reviewed above, is <br />essential in any culvert design. These basic equations and concepts underlie <br />the culvert nomographs and computer programs that are used in design. The <br />proper application, understanding and interpretation of the design results is <br />predicated on a comprehensive understanding of these basic principles and <br />equations. <br /> <br />Additionally, the application of basic hydraulics is necessary to evaluate the <br />tailwater conditions in the channel downstream of the culvert. The tailwater level <br />may be influential on both the headwater and the outlet velocity characteristics of <br />the culvert flow. <br /> <br />A. Influence On Culvert Headwater <br /> <br />Depending upon the conditions of flow through the culvert, the headwater <br />required to force water through the culvert may be directly influenced by the <br />level of the tailwater. <br /> <br />B. Influence On Outlet Velocity <br /> <br />. Culvert outlet velocity may be directly controlled or at least affected by the <br />tailwater level. <br />. In some instances for inlet control, the tailwater can cause a hydraulic <br />jump. Velocity is affected directly in such instances. <br /> <br />C. Estimating tailwater conditions <br /> <br />2-13 <br />