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<br />Lesson 2 <br /> <br />Basic Hydraulics - Participant Workbook <br /> <br />2.2. BASIC EQUATIONS <br /> <br />BASIC EQUATIONS <br /> <br />CONTINUITY EQUATION <br /> <br />. CONTINUITY <br /> <br />. ENERGY <br /> <br />Q =V1A1=V2A2 <br /> <br />. MOMENTUM <br /> <br />2.2 Basic Equations <br /> <br />2.3 Continuity Equation <br /> <br />The three basic equations that govern flow behavior are the continuity, energy <br />and momentum equations. These equations also form the basis for derivation, <br />using mathematics, laboratory experiments and field studies, of other useful <br />hydraulic equations. <br /> <br />A brief review of the continuity, energy and momentum equations is provided <br />below. For more detailed discussion of all three fundamental equations, see <br />"Introduction to Highway Hydraulics" (FHWA HDS-4, 1997) or any standard <br />hydraulics textbook. <br /> <br />A. Continuity Equation <br /> <br />The continuity equation assumes that discharge remains constant from one <br />cross-section to the next and is represented generally as: <br /> <br />Q = V1 A1 = V2 A2 = . . . Vn An <br /> <br />2-1 <br /> <br />where: <br /> <br />Q <br />Vn <br />An <br /> <br />total discharge (cfs) <br />average velocity at section n (fps) <br /> <br />cross-sectional area of flow at section n (ft2) <br /> <br />= <br /> <br />= <br /> <br />= <br /> <br />2-4 <br /> <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />I <br />