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<br />structure or embankment; also the stone so used." Highway bridge <br />engineers (g) have broadened the quoted definition ot riprap to include <br />mortated and grouted riprap, concrete riprap in bags, concrete slab rip- <br />rap, and stone riprap for foundation protectiOll. Material such as broken <br />concrete is classified as dumped riprap in this publication. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Embankments and streambanks are sometimes protected by walls or COll- <br />tinuous revetments such as slope paving or articulated concrete blocks. <br />Of the various bank protection materials, riprap has been most used and <br />the most economical and successful material (j). Although riprap has been <br />used tor bank protection since the dawn of history, little research was <br />done prior to 1946 on design. Much remains to be learned. <br /> <br />The meager information now available was for the most part, developed <br />for upstreu slope protection of earth dams and for protection at overflow <br />embankments. The June 1948 Proceedings of the American Society of Civil <br />Engineers (4) contains a SUDllllary of slope protection methods. This SWll- <br />mary is the-principal source of material for this circular 1 complemented <br />by more recent research on protecting earth dams (j, .2 and 1). <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />The various methods of bank protection used by the California Division <br />ot Highways are discussed in their publication, "Bank and Shore Protection <br />in California Highway Practice" (6). Slope protection of embankments and <br />streambanks from streu attack ditters from slope protection for earth dlUIIs. <br />The dlUII tace must be protected trom wave action and seepage acting normal to <br />the dam tace (1 and 6) while Protection of highway embankments must resist <br />both parallel ind oblique flow as well as scour at the base of the protection. <br /> <br />This circular discusses only the design and construction of riprap pro- . <br />tection for highway embankmenta and streambanks. The design criteria used <br />by several governmental agencies are compared in appendix A. Appendix B con- <br />tains a sample specification for riprap. <br /> <br />1.2 - Types at Riprap <br /> <br />The types of riprap slope protection discussed in this circular are: <br /> <br />(1) Dumped riprap <br />(2) Hand-placed riprap <br />(3) Wire-enclosed riprap <br />(4)' <br />Grouted riprap <br />(5) Concrete riprap in bags (sacked concrete) <br />(6) Concrete-slab riprap <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />.... <br /> <br />11-2 <br /> <br />. <br />