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<br />Exhibit 14. Timber culvert. Timber culverts are <br />generally box culverts............................ 25 <br /> <br />Exhibit 15. Roadway overtopping due to culverts with <br />inadequate capacity may result in <br />extensive damage to the roadway and the <br /> <br />embankment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 26 <br /> <br />Exhibit 16. A drainage area is defined by drainage <br />divides or lines that connect the high <br />points or follow the ridge lines around <br />the area served by the culvert.................... 27 <br /> <br />Exhibit 17. Factors affecting culvert discharge............... 2B <br /> <br />Exhibit lB. AASHTO live load spacing for highway <br />structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 30 <br /> <br />Exhibit 19. Surface contact area for single dual <br />whee 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 <br /> <br />Exhibit 20. Oistribution of live load (single dual <br />wheel) for depth of cover H....................... 31 <br /> <br />Exhibit 21. Deflection of flexible culverts...... ............. 32 <br /> <br />Exhibit 22. Formula for ring compression......... ............. 33 <br /> <br />Exhibit 23. Concrete thrust beams may be used as <br />longitudinal stiffeners........................... 34 <br /> <br />Exhibit 24. Zones of tension and compression in rigid <br />pipes develop to resist vertical loads............ 35 <br /> <br />Exhibit 25. Trench installation. Friction on trench <br />sides reduces the size of the column of <br />fill carried by the pipe....................... ... 35 <br /> <br />Exhibit 26. Camber allows for settlement of a culvert <br />under a high fi 11. . . ... ... . .. ... ... .. .. . . ... ... . .. 37 <br /> <br />Exhibit 27. Severe corrosion of corrugated steel <br />culvert due to aggressive water................... 38 <br /> <br />Exhibit 2B. Corrugated steel culvert with invert <br /> <br />perforations...................................... 39 <br /> <br />Exhibit 29. Reinforcing steel in concrete may corrode <br />when exposed to water due to spalling or <br /> <br />cracking................... ....................... 40 <br /> <br />v <br />