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<br /> <br />RIGID PIPE <br />STRESS ZONES <br /> <br />TENSION <br /> <br /> <br />. <br />D <br /> <br />COMPRESSION <br /> <br />Source: American Concrete Pipe Association <br /> <br />Exhibit 24. Zones of tension and compression in rigid pipes <br />develop to resist vertical loads. <br /> <br />In narrow trench installations, the pipe is placed in a relatively narrow <br />trench and covered with backfill material. The backfill tends to settle more <br />than the undisturbed soil beside the trench. Friction between the backfill <br />material and the sides of the trench tends to help support the backfill <br />material reducing the load on the pipe. In effect the width of the soil <br />column over the pipe is decreased. This concept is illustrated in exhibit 25. <br /> <br /> <br />LOAD <br />TRANSFER <br /> <br />s.~ ~ <br /> <br />Exhibit 25. Trench installation. Friction on trench sides reduces <br />the size of the column of fill carried by the pipe. <br /> <br />35 <br />