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<br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />Indirect Damaies: Indirect damages include the value of lost business and services; and the cost of <br />alleviating hardships, safeguarding health, rerouting traffic, delays and related phenomena, and the loss <br />of sales taxes. The monetary value of indirect damages cannot be estimated as well as those of direct <br />damages because of the lack of sufficient damage data. These damages, excluding the loss of sales <br />taxes, were estimated as a fraction of direct damages following estimates used by the US Corps of <br />Engineers. Local and State sales taxes are lost in commercial areas as a result of business disruption <br />caused by floods. Tax losses were taken to be 5 percent of the commercial direct lost <br /> <br />SecondaQ' Damal1es: Secondary damages are those damages which occur outside of the immediate <br />flood zones due to reliance on some output produced by the damaged property or supplied by some <br />hindered services. No monetary values was assigned to the secondary damage in this study since <br />normally the secondary damages tend to be offset by secondary benefits. <br /> <br />Intanl1ible Damaies: Intangible damages include such categories as environmental quality, social well <br />being, and aesthetic values. As their name implies, it is currently not possible to accurately estimate <br />monetary values of intangible damages. However, the impact of these damages, as social problems in <br />a community faced with a major flood are real. For purposes of this report, an additional five percent <br />of all other damages was added to cover intangible damages. The following table presents a summary <br />of other damages as a percentage of direct damages. For purposes of this analysis, other damages were <br />considered to average 20% of direct damages. <br /> <br />Table 15. Other Damage As A Percent orDireet Damage <br /> <br />Damage Category <br /> <br />Percent ofDb'eet Damage <br /> <br />Indirect Damage <br /> <br />Residential <br /> <br />15 <br /> <br />Commercial <br /> <br />35 <br />10 <br /> <br />Utilities <br /> <br />Highways <br />Railroad <br /> <br />25 <br /> <br />lntangible <br /> <br />23 <br />5 <br /> <br />In order to calculate the damages from flood events, the study area was broken into reaches as shown <br />on Figure 13. Limits for the reaches were defined based upon similar land use, and the need to <br />determine potential flood damage for each of the alternatives studied. Each alternative protects <br />different lengths of Pawnee Creek and the Pawnee Creek overflow. Each Reach reflects the potential <br />flood damage that may occur from flooding due to only flows in Pawnee Creek or the overflow. In the <br />event of a major, regional flood. extensive damage to the City of Sterling and Logan County may also <br />result from flooding along Sand Creek, Pioneer Ditch, and the South Platte River, in addition to <br /> <br />m-37 <br />