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<br />Preface__________________________,______
<br />
<br />Chapter I,-Introduction
<br />
<br />1.1 GeneraL _ ________ -_ -- __________ __,
<br />1.2 Waterway studies__________________
<br />1.3 Bridge backwater____,_____________
<br />1.4 Nature of bridge backwater_ __ _ _____
<br />1.5 Types of flow encountered _ __ _ ,_ _ n __
<br />1.6 Field verification__ __________ _______
<br />1.7 Definition of symbols_ _ _ _ __ _________
<br />1.8 Definition of terms__ m __ __ __ __ _ __ __
<br />1.9 Conveyance________________________
<br />1.10 Bridge opening ratio__ __ _ __ _ __ __ ____
<br />1.11 Kinetic energy coefficient __ _ __ __ __ __ ,
<br />
<br />Chapter I1,-Computation of Backwater
<br />
<br />2,1 Expression for backwater_____ __ ____ _ 13
<br />2,2 Backwater coefficienL___ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ 13
<br />2,3 Effect of M and abutment shape (base
<br />curve~-----,-------,------------ 14
<br />2.4 Effect of piers (nonnal crossings)_ ____ 14
<br />2,5 Effect of piers (skewed crossings)_____ 17
<br />2,6 Effect of eccentricity __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 17
<br />2,7 Effect of skew___ __________ _________ 19
<br />
<br />Chapter III. -Difference in Water Level Across
<br />Approach Embankments
<br />
<br />3.1 Significanee_______________,___ ____ 21
<br />3,2 Base curves_______________________ 21
<br />3,3 Effect of piers_ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 22
<br />3.4 Effect of eccentricity __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ __ _ 22
<br />3,5 Drop in water surface across embank-
<br />ment (normal crossing)____________ 22
<br />3,6 Water surface on downstream side of
<br />embankment (skewed crossing), _ _ _ _ 22
<br />
<br />Chapter IV,-Confignration of Backwater
<br />4,1 Distance to point of maximum back-
<br />
<br />water______________,_____,______
<br />4,2 Nonnal crossings___________________
<br />
<br />CONTENTS
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<br />J'a&e
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<br />4,3 Eccentric crossings____ __ _ __ _ _ __ __ ___
<br />4.4 Skewed crossings__ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ _
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<br />Chapter V,-Dual Bridges
<br />
<br />5,1 Arrangement.._____________________ 27
<br />5,2 Backwater determination_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28
<br />5,3 Drop in water surface across embank-
<br />ments___________________________ 28
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<br />Chapter VL-Abnormal Stage-Discharge Condition
<br />
<br />6,1 Definition_________________________ 31
<br />6,2 Backwater determination_ _ __ __ __ __ __ 31
<br />6,3 Backwaterexpression_______________ 31
<br />6.4 Drop in water surface across embank-
<br />ments___________________________ 32
<br />
<br />Chapter VII,-Effect of Scour on Backwater
<br />
<br />7.1 GeneraL_________,________________ 35
<br />7,2 Natureofscour____________________ 35
<br />7,3 Backwater detennination_ __ __ _ __ __ __ 38
<br />7.4 Enlarged waterways__ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ __ 39
<br />
<br />Chapter VIII,-Superstructure Partially Inundated
<br />
<br />8,1 The problem_______________nn____ 41
<br />8,2 Upstream girder in flow (case 1)__.____ 41
<br />8,3 All girders in contact with flow (case II) 44
<br />8.4 Safety of bridge__ _______ __ __ n __ __ _ 44
<br />8,5 Flow over rQadway __ _ _ __ __ __ __ _ _ _n 45
<br />8.6 Nottoway River Bridge__ ______ _____ 48
<br />
<br />Chapter IX.-Spur Dikes
<br />
<br />9.1 Introduction_______________________ 51
<br />9,2 Function and geometry of spur dike_ _ 52
<br />9.3 Length of spur dike_ _ __ _ _ __ __ _ __ __ __ 53
<br />9.4 Other considerations_ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 55
<br />
<br />Chapter X,-Flow Passes Through Critical Depth
<br />(Type II)
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<br />10.1 Introduction___n________n_______
<br />10,2 Backwater coefficients_, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
<br />10,3 Recognition of flow type____ __ __ __ ___
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