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<br />t <br />...1 <br />\ <br />1 <br />t <br />, <br />I <br />I <br />, <br />t <br />t <br />( <br />( <br />( <br />( <br />( <br />( <br />( <br />r <br />, <br />I <br />, <br />\ <br />\ <br />, <br />, <br />'. <br />( <br />( <br /> <br />i <br />f <br />t <br />I <br />f <br />f <br />t <br />, <br />( <br />.- <br />, <br />L <br />( <br />I. <br />,. <br />, <br />l <br /> <br />information. . . on alternate methods of reducing flood losses. . ." Two years later Sheaffer <br />prepared an introductory manual on flood proofing and in 1972 the Corps of Engineers <br />published specific information on building requirements for structures in flood hazard areas <br />(6,7). In the last few years the Department of Housing and Urban Development (principally the <br />Federal Insurance Administration), the Water Resources Council, and several States have taken <br />the leadership in sponsoring and publishing research on this subject (8,9,10,11). Still the number <br />of contributions with detailed technical information is very small. With passage of the 1974 <br />Water Resources Development Act the need for technical information became more urgent. <br />Corps offices began conducting special studies in-house within the context of project studies, or <br />sometimes awarded small contra.cts for studies on the feasibility of specific nonstructural <br />measures. In most cases this work was not published or distributed Corps-wide but simply <br />served the needs of a particular study. It was against this background that the objective of this <br />study was formulated. <br /> <br />Study Objective <br />The objective developed for this research was to examine the physical and economic <br />feasibility of a number of nonstructural measures and to develop, where possible, specific <br />criteria for their use. It was desired to understand the conditions when each measure was <br />appropriate and when inappropriate. What are the characteristics of each measure which leads <br />it to be adopted in one instance, but not in another? I n essence the objective was to learn more <br />about these actions called nonstructural flood plain management measures. <br /> <br />The study approach was to select eleven nonstructural measures for detailed investigation. <br />Each measure was identified as to its purpose and the actions required to achieve this purpose. <br />This information is reported in a brief description of each measure with accompanying <br />drawings. Physical feasibility was established by examining the physical characteristics of each <br />measure, by reviewing examples of implementation, and in some cases by making structural <br />analyses. Physical feasibility had to be limited to what is feasible within the normal limits of costs <br />and damage reduced. Some measures may be feasible in that the technology exists, but the cost <br />may be out of the question for the damage reduced. Costs and damage reduced were likewise <br />examined in the context of what is practical. Costs are often site specific and highly variable. An <br />effort was made to identify specific cost items for each measure. Some items are base costs and <br />are required, regardless of how the measure is implemented; other costs are optional and apply <br />in some circumstances but not in others. An engineer's estimate of minimum cost was made for <br />most measures for the purpose of comparing it with damage reduced. A detailed sensitivity <br />analysis was performed using various generalized hydrologic, hydraulic and economic data. A <br />brief summary of damage reduced as a part of this analysis is reported in each Chapter. The <br />details of the analysis are presented in Appendix A. <br /> <br />Following the detailed examination of each measure some general characteristics of <br />nonstructural measures as a technology were identified. These are discussed in the next <br />Chapter. It was hoped that a better understanding of nonstructural measures overall, would <br />lead to more appropriate specific application. <br /> <br />~ <br />f <br />~ <br />f <br />c <br />i <br />i <br />, <br />, <br />, <br />, <br />( <br />, <br />, <br />, <br />( <br />" <br />i <br />, <br />, <br />" <br />( <br />( <br />f <br />i <br />i <br />" <br />I <br />! <br />r <br />r <br />I <br />" <br />I' <br />I <br />~ <br />I <br />" <br />, <br />, <br /> <br />3 <br />