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. . I I I I I I . I I I -. I I . I I I Cut-stump method. Large scattered trees, or small patches and strips, may be removed through this manual/herbicidal treatment combination. Trees (or stumps, if trees were previously topped) are cut with a chainsaw near the ground surface. Within a few minutes after cutting, herbicide is hand-sprayed on the exposed cut to be drawn into and kill the roots. Herbicides used successfully include Arsenal, Pathfinder, and Garlon 3A or 4. Because these herbicides are short-lived and are applied only to the stumps, this method of salt-cedar removal is generally safe along stream banks. This technique is labor-intensive, usually requiring a 3-person crew; a chainsaw operator, a person to clear debris from the stump, and an herbicide applicator. Costs have ranged from $250 to $1,000 per acre depending on stem density. Backpack sprayer application. Young, shrubby salt-cedar stands and re-sprouts following other removal methods may be treated with herbicide applied from a backpack sprayer. Foliar applications of Arsenal or Chopper have been successfully used. Cost is estimated to range from $100 to $300 per acre. Ground-based herbicide application. Low-pressure, trailer-mounted sprayers have been used to apply herbicide (usually Arsenal or Rodeo) to low-density salt-cedar stands less than 20 feet tall. Thorough application of herbicide to bark areas of all branches is especially critical for this method to be successful. Non-target species (i:e., species other than salt-cedar) within treated stands will also be killed by spraying. Costs have been stated as $1 to $3 per tree, indicating the limited applicability of this method for large-scale removal. Aerial Herbicide Application. Aerial application of herbicide from either helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft is best suited for treating large, monotypic stands of salt-cedar distant from water channels. Aerial spraying will kill non-target plant ,species within the treatment area. Special attention and, perhaps, equipment, are required to minimize drift of herbicide into adjacent areas. Arsenal and Rodeo (Roundup) have been used in successful aerial applications. Treated stands of salt-cedar must remain undisturbed for 18 to 30 months to allow the herbicide to be effectively absorbed into root tissues. Aerial application costs range from $75 to $225 per acre. Physical removal and disposal of dead stems may require an additional $400 to $600 per acre. Along the Arkansas River, the proximity of salt-cedar stands to the river channel, residences, and agricultural fields Hmits the opportunities for aerial spraying. 45