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<br />, <br />t <br />t <br /> <br />~ <br />~ <br />J <br />~ <br />I <br />~ <br />~ <br />! <br /> <br />. <br /> <br />I <br /> <br />Stage - Water-surface elevation of a stream with respect to a <br />reference elevation. <br /> <br />Stone riprap - Natural cobbles, boulders, or rock dumped or placed on <br />a streambank or fi Iter as protection against erosion. <br /> <br />Streambank erosion - Removal of soi I particles or a mass of particles <br />from a bank surface due primarily to water action. Other factors <br />such as weathering, ice and debris abrasion, chemical reactions, <br />and land-use changes may also directly or indirectly lead to <br />streambank erosion. <br /> <br />Streambank failure - Col lapse of a bank due to an instabi I ity <br />condition. <br /> <br />Streambank protection - Any technique used to prevent erosion or <br />fai lure of a streambank. <br /> <br />Suspended-sediment load - That part of a stream's total sediment load <br />which is transported within the body of fluid and has very little <br />contact with the bed. <br /> <br />Synthetic mattress, matting, or tubing - A grout- or sand-fi I led, <br />manufactured, semiflexible casing placed on a streambank to <br />prevent erosion. <br /> <br />Tetrahedron - Component of river-training works made of six steel or <br />concrete struts fabricated in the shape of a pyramid. <br /> <br />Tetrapod - Bank-protection component of precast concrete consisting of <br />four legs joined at a central joint, with each leg making an <br />angle of 109.5 deg with the other three. <br /> <br />Thalweg - The I ine extending down a channel that fol lows the lowest <br />elevation of the bed. <br /> <br />Tieback - Structure placed between revetment and bank to prevent <br />flanking. <br /> <br />Timber or brush mattress - A revetment made of brush, poles, logs, or <br />lumber interwoven or otherwise lashed together. The completed <br />mattress is then placed on the bank of stream and weighted with <br />ballast. <br /> <br />Toe - That portion of a stream cross section where the lower bank <br />terminates and the channel bottom or the opposite lower bank <br />begins. <br /> <br />Toe-fill - Break in slope between the bank and the overbank area. <br /> <br />Tractive force - The drag on a streambank caused by passing water <br />which tends to pul I soi I particles along with the streamflow. <br /> <br />81 <br />