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<br />HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING '94
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<br />Figure 1: Very steep torrent reach with many cascades.
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<br />Figure 2: Torrent reach without many cascades.
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<br />MEAN VELOCITY-NEW I'ORMULA
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<br />S. Application ror the proposed rormula
<br />Flood and pollution control are of increasing interest. Fonnulas as presented in
<br />this paper are efficienl and helpfull tools in practice and research. In particullrr. the
<br />derived fonnula should be used for the estimation of stream velocity as a mean value
<br />or of the function of watershed characteristics over long reaches.
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<br />6. Future research
<br />For Cunher research, most progress can be expected from the development of
<br />automatic dilUlion measurements which should be triggered for certain water levels.
<br />To improve the theoretical assumptions, the combination of the fractal concepts with
<br />the velocity measuremenls in different river basins seems to be the most promising
<br />approach.
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<br />Appendix A. Rererences
<br />Aron, G., Smith, T. A., Knipe, D. Bo, 1990: A Fractal Concept in Stream, Swale and
<br />Sheet Flow.I'mc. of the 1990 ASCE National Conference on Hydrafllic Engineering.
<br />Sessions on Ilydraulics of Mountain Rivers, San Diego, California, pp. 157 - 162.
<br />ATon, G., Ball, Jo Eo, 1991: Fractal Concept used in Time-of-Concentration
<br />Estimales. J.lrrig. and Drain. Div., ASCE, 117(5),pp. 635-041.
<br />Grunow, 1/. G., 1986: Die tmtomatische Messung van Fliesszeiten und die
<br />Bestimmung von Fliessgeschwindigkeiten in 8ergbdchen. Vermessung. Photo-
<br />grammelrie, Kullurtechnik, 12/86, pp, 041 - 045.
<br />Hodel, lip., Kersten, Th., SIort:Mlleg,er, I., 1994: A New Approach for the
<br />Estimation of Extreme Roughnes.t in Torrents by Hydraulic and Photogrammetry.
<br />Proceedings of the /994 ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering,
<br />Sessions on Hydraulics o/mountain rivers, Buffalo, New York, USA.
<br />lIodel, lip., 1993: Untersuchung zur Geomorphologie, der Rauheit, de"
<br />.\rriimungswiderstandes und des Abflussvorganges in Bergbdchen. Dissertation Jer
<br />EfH-Zurich, Nr, 9830,
<br />Krllerhals, R., 1970: Runoff Rouling Through Sleep Natural Channel.<. J,
<br />Hydraulics Div" vol. 6, ASCE, pp. 2201-2217.
<br />Kirpich, Z. P., 1940: Time of Concentration of Small Agricultural Watershed. Civil
<br />Eng (N.Y,), vol. /0, nf}. 6, p, 362.
<br />SlorcAenegger, I.,. 1984: Orts- und ereignisbeschreibende Parameter fur Nieder-
<br />schlag-Abfluss-Modelle. Dissertation der f.TII Urich, Nr. 7479.
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<br />Appendix B. Notation
<br />The following symboh are used in this paper:
<br />a, IJ filled l'Oefficients
<br />A cross-section area of flow
<br />C channel characterislics (shape. slope)
<br />J slope or the channel
<br />Q discharge
<br />Q, rererence discharge
<br />v mean velocily
<br />x now palh Ihrough stream network
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